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0. Foundations of Medicine > Chromosome & Cell Division 2 > Flashcards

Chromosome & Cell Division 2 Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What are the stages of the cell cycle?</p>

A

<p>Interphase and mitosis</p>

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2
Q

<p>What are the different stages of interphase?</p>

A

<p>G1, S and G2</p>

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3
Q

<p>What happens during the G1 stage of interphase?</p>

A

<p>Protein and RNA synthesisGrowth and maturation of the cell occurs

DNA checking and subsequent repair occurs during the pause between G1 and S</p>

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4
Q

<p>What happens during the S phase of interphase?</p>

A

<p>DNA synthesis</p>

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5
Q

<p>What happens during the G2 phase of interphase?</p>

A

<p>Further synthesis of RNA and proteins

Further growth

Organelles such as mitochondria grow and divide

Followed by proof reading and subsequent repair of newly synthesised DNA</p>

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6
Q

<p>What are the stages of Mitosis?</p>

A 
<p>Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telophase 
Cytokinesis</p>
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7
Q

<p>What happens during Prophase?</p>

A

<p>Chromosomes condense

Nuclear membrane disappears

Spindle fibres form from the centriole</p>

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8
Q

<p>What happens during metaphase?</p>

A

<p>Chromosomes allign at the equator of the cell

Attached by fibre to each centriole

Maximum condensation of chromosome</p>

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9
Q

<p>What happens during anaphase?</p>

A

<p>Sister chromatids separate at the centromere

Move to opposite ends of the cell</p>

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10
Q

<p>What happens during telophase?</p>

A

<p>Nuclear membranes form</p>

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11
Q

<p>What happens during cytokinesis?</p>

A

<p>Cytoplasm separates</p>

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12
Q

<p>What is the structure of the centromere?</p>

A

<p>Repetitive DNA sequences (satellite DNA

)Site of the kinetochore which is a protein complex that binds to microtubules</p>

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13
Q

<p>What is the difference between Heterochromatin and Euchromatin?</p>

A

<p>Heterochromatin :

- is condensed structure
- Silenced genes

Euchromatin :

- Open structure
- Active genes</p>

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14
Q

<p>Where can you find satellite DNA and what is it?</p>

A

<p>Tandemly repeated DNA sequences at the Centromeres and telomeres of chromosomes</p>

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15
Q

<p>How is chromatin formed?</p>

A

<p>DNA packed within histone proteins </p>

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16
Q

<p>What is the charge of histone?</p>

A

<p>Positively charged</p>

17
Q

<p>What is a nucleosome?</p>

A

<p>A unit of eukaryotic chromosome

A length of DNA wrapped around a core of histones</p>

18
Q

<p>How is a solenoid structure formed?</p>

A

<p>Further wrapping of nucleosomes</p>

19
Q

<p>What are the different levels of structural elements of chromatin?</p>

A

<p>Nucleosome

Chromatin fibre

Fibre-scaffold complex

Chromosome</p>

20
Q

<p>What is the purpose of packaging DNA?</p>

A

<p>Charge neutralised

Takes up less space

Inactive DNA can be folded into inaccessible locations until required</p>

21
Q

<p>What is the purpose of FISH (fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation)</p>

A

<p>Mark or tag a specific DNA sequence out of the whole genome</p>

22
Q

<p>What is the process of FISH?</p>

A

<p>Denature DNA into single strands

Hybridise the DNA with fluorescent tag (tag complimentary to desired DNA sequence)

Excess tags are washed away

Tags are either fluorescent themselves or can attach to a fluorescent molecule

The chromosome is then viewed under a fluorescence microscope revealing the physical location of the desired gene</p>

23
Q

<p>What are the different types of FISH probes?</p>

A

<p>Unique sequence probes

Centromeric probes

Telomeric probes

Whole chromosome probes</p>

24
Q

<p>What are the stages of meiosis?</p>

A

<p>DNA replication

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

Recombination takes place

Homologous chromosomes are separated by spindle fibres

Cell division 1

Meitoic division 2 takes place</p>

25
Q

<p>What is the purpose of meiosis?</p>

A

<p>It is the cell division of germ cells to form haploid gamete cells from diploid cells in ovaries and testes</p>

26
Q

<p>What are the different names given to egg formation and sperm formation?</p>

A

<p>oogenesiss

| permatogenesis</p>

27
Q

<p>When does gametogenesis begin in males and females?</p>

A

<p>Males - Puberty

Females - Early embryonic life</p>

28
Q

<p>What determines the sex of the zygote?</p>

A

<p>Wether or not the sperm contains the y chromosome</p>

29
Q

<p>Where does mitochondrial DNA come from?</p>

A

<p>Only from the mother via the egg</p>

30
Q

<p>What happens to the X chromosome in females?</p>

A

<p>One of them is randomly inactivated</p>

0. Foundations of Medicine (167 decks)

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