The Cardiac and Respiratory Systems

Question 1

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 1

through the lungs to oxygenate blood

Question 2

Peripheral circulation

Answer 2

• via arteries to deliver oxygen & other nutrients to the tissues
• collect waste metabolites via veins

Question 3

What 3 structures are present in vessel walls?

Answer 3

• tunica externa (adventitia)
• tunica media
• tunica intima (interna)

Question 4

Tunica externa (or adventitia)

Answer 4

outermost layer made up of loose connective tissue

Question 5

Tunica media

Answer 5

middle layer made up of smooth muscle, collagen, some elastic tissue

Question 6

Tunica intima (interna)

Answer 6

smooth inner layer of simple squamous endothelium to be a selectively permeable barrier that usually repels blood cells and platelets

Question 7

Cardiac cycle

Answer 7

one completed cycle of contraction & relaxation of all 4 chambers of the heart

Question 8

What are the events of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 8

1. Ventricular filling
2. Heart contraction
3. Ejection of blood from ventricle into the circulation
4. Heart relaxation
5. …the cycle continues…

Question 9

Systole

Answer 9

contraction

Question 10

Dystole

Answer 10

relaxation

Question 11

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 11

• prevent backflow of blood from ventricles into the atria
• close and open passively

Question 12

Aortic & Pulmonary artery valves

Answer 12

semi-lunar valves snap shut at end of systole to prevent backflow of blood

Question 13

Upper respiratory tract includes what?

Answer 13

• nose (mouth)
• pharynx
• larynx

Question 14

Lower respiratory tract includes what?

Answer 14

• trachea
• bronchi (primary - main; secondary - lobar; tertiary - segmental)
• bronchioles (conducting and respiratory zones)
• alveoli

Question 15

Describe the role of the nasal conchae in the respiratory system.

Answer 15

increase turbulence through the nasal cavity (slows airflow to allow for warming, humidification and filtering)

Question 16

Why is the sneeze reflex easily triggered?

Answer 16

there’s a large number of sensory nerve endings in the nose

Question 17

What is the purpose of the epiglottis?

Answer 17

protects the larynx from food by closing over it during swallowing

Question 18

What does the larynx contain which relates to an effective cough?

Answer 18

contains vocal chords (glottic)

Question 19

Is the trachea situated posteriorly or anteriorly to the oesophagus?

Answer 19

anteriorly

Question 20

Why is there cartilage in the trachea?

Answer 20

to prevent tracheal collapse during pressure changes
- C-shaped rings supporting the anterior and lateral aspects, not posteriorly to allow oesophagus to expand anteriorly as food is swallowed

Question 21

Parietal pleura

Answer 21

lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall and superior surface of the diagram

Question 22

Visceral pleura

Answer 22

covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the fissures

Question 23

Pleural membrane

Answer 23

double-layered serous sacs that cover the lungs

Question 24

Pleural cavity

Answer 24

space between the 2 layers (contains pleural fluid)

Question 25

Pleural fluid

Answer 25

• acts as a lubricant allowing layers to glide over each other during inspiration and expiration
• increases surface tension ‘locks’ 2 pleural layers together

Question 26

What 2 muscles are used for inspiration?

Answer 26

• diaphragm
• external intercostals

Question 27

What are 2 accessory muscles of inspiration?

Answer 27

• sternocleidomastoid
• scalenes (x3)

Question 28

What 3 muscles are used for forces expiration?

Answer 28

• internal intercostals
• rectus abdominis
• internal and external obliques

Question 29

Atelectasis

Answer 29

collapse of alveoli and segment of lung tissue

Question 31

Describe how relaxed inspiration takes place.

Answer 31

• controlled by impulses from the respiratory centre in the brainstem
• nerve stimulation causes contraction of the diaphragm and outer intercostals (expands thoracic cage and lungs)
• expansion creates lower pressure (relative to outside the body)
• air rushes in

Question 32

Describe how the abdominal muscles cause forced expiration.

Answer 32

abdominal muscles contract, causing the abdominal contents to push up against the diaphragm - reducing the vertical diameter of the thorax

Question 33

Where does the ciliated epithelium line?

Answer 33

• nasopharynx
• pharynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• bronchioles