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Physiotherapy > Organisation of the Human Body > Flashcards

Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 levels of organisation of the body?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ System
  6. Organismic
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2
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A
  • epithelial
  • muscular
  • connective
  • nervous
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3
Q

What 4 major elements make up 96% of body mass?

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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4
Q

What are the 9 lesser elements that make up 3.9% of the body’s mass?

A

calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
sodium
chlorine
magnesium
iodine
iron

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5
Q

What are the 13 trace elements that make up 0.1% of the body’s mass?

A

aluminium
boron
chromium
cobalt
copper
fluorine
manganese
molybdenum
selenium
silicon
tin
vanadium
zinc

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6
Q

What is Ca used for in the body?

A
  • bones and teeth
  • muscle contraction
  • nerve transmission
  • release of hormones
  • blood clotting
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7
Q

What is P used for in the body?

A
  • bones and teeth
  • nucleic acids and proteins
  • forms part of ATP
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8
Q

What is K used for in the body?

A
  • necessary for many cellular chemical reactions (e.g.: muscular contractions and nerve impulses).
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9
Q

What is S used for in the body?

A
  • component of some vitamins and many proteins
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10
Q

What is Na used for in the body?

A
  • needed for many chemical reactions in extracellular fluid
  • plays a role in water balance
  • nerve impulses
  • muscle contractions
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11
Q

What is Cl used for in the body?

A
  • needed for many chemical reactions in the extracellular fluid
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12
Q

What is Mg used for in the body?

A
  • mainly found in bones
  • needed for activity of more than 300 enzymes in the body
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13
Q

What is I used for in the body?

A
  • needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones
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14
Q

What is Fe used for in the body?

A
  • component of haemoglobin molecule
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15
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

vitamins A, D, E and K

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16
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored?

A

stored in the liver and fatty tissues

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17
Q

Which vitamins are water-soluble?

A

vitamins B and C

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18
Q

Where are water-soluble vitamins stored?

A

they’re not stored by the body and are easily lost through excretion (they’re also more sensitive to the effects of storing and cooking).

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19
Q

What are 5 important functions of water in the body?

A
  • solvent
  • high specific heat capacity
  • high latent heat of evaporation
  • metabolite (hydrolysis and condensation reactions)
  • transport medium (adhesion and cohesion)
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20
Q

Cytology

A

= the study of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of the body

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21
Q

What 3 types of lipids are present in the plasma membrane?

A
  • phospholipids
  • glycolipids
  • cholesterol
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22
Q

What is the purpose of glycolipids in the plasma membrane?

A
  • cell communication
  • growth
  • development
  • cell identity markers that enable them to recognise foreign cells
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23
Q

What is the purpose of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?

A
  • impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (due to the hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that cause a bilayer to form).
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24
Q

What is the purpose of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

A

help to strengthen the membrane

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of proteins scattered in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

integral and peripheral proteins

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26
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

extend through the phospholipid bilayer to create channels, which allow for the passage of materials in and out of the cell (i.e.: glycoproteins which are cell identity markers)

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27
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

loosely attached to the surfaces of the membrane and they can separate easily from it

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28
Q

What is cytosol?

A

a thick, transparent, gel-like fluid made up of mainly water (but also contains solids, solutes and vacuoles, which house cellular wastes and secretions).

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29
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • “powerhouses” of the cell
  • where ATP is generated through cellular respiration
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30
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • where proteins are made
  • some are free ribosomes (in cytoplasm) and some are attached to to the ER.
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31
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • network of fluid-filled cisterns (channels or tubules) that coils through the cytoplasm
  • provides a large surface area for chemical reactions
  • transports molecules within the cell
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32
Q

Rough ER

A
  • ribosomes attached
  • provides a site for protein synthesis
  • temporarily stores new protein molecules
  • participates in the formation of glycoproteins
  • works with the Golgi complex to make and package molecules that are secreted from the cell
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33
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • no ribosomes attached (so no proteins made here)
  • provides a site for synthesis of certain lipids (fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids)
  • provides a site for detoxification of chemicals (alcohol, pesticides, carcinogens)
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34
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • made of flattened cisterns with tiny vesicles attached to their edges
  • processes, sorts and packages proteins and lipids for delivery to plasma membrane
  • forms lysosomes and secretory vesicles
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35
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • these vesicles are formed inside the Golgi apparatus
  • contain powerful digestive enzymes and are able to break down and recycle many different molecules
  • help recycle cell’s own worn-out structures, as well as foreign substances
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36
Q

Peroxisomes

A

= vesicles containing enzymes that detoxify any potentially harmful substances in cell

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37
Q

Centrosomes

A
  • organise microtubules in non-dividing cells that help support and shape cell and move substances
  • form mitotic spindle in dividing cells
  • contain centrioles
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38
Q

Centrioles

A
  • found within centrosomes
  • play a role on cell division, and the formation and regeneration of flagella and cilia
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39
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

= double-membrane of phospholipid bilayers that contain nuclear pores to allow movement of molecules into and out the nucleus

40
Q

Nucleolus

A

= where ribosomes are assembled in a spherical body made of proteins within the nucleus

41
Q

Chromatin

A

= a mass of chromosomes that condenses and coils during cell division (only present in cell that aren’t dividing)

42
Q

Genes

A

= the hereditary units of the cell, which control its structure and activity (arranged in chromosomes)

43
Q

DNA replication

A

= occurs within the nucleus of the cell and is necessary for cell division
–> results in 2 identical DNA copies

44
Q

Gene expression

A

= process in which a gene’s DNA is used as a template to synthesis a specific protein (transcription and translation phases)

45
Q

Somatic cell division

A

= body replacing dead/injured cells or to produce new cells for growth

–> through mitosis, a single diploid parent cell duplicates itself to produce two identical daughter cells

46
Q

Reproductive cell division

A

= occurs when a new organism is produced

–> through meiosis (a process of nuclear division), haploid sperm and egg cells are produced, and these form a new organism

47
Q

What are the 4 different cell shapes that make up epithelial tissue?

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
  • transitional
48
Q

What are the 4 types of connective tissues?

A
  • areolar (loose)
  • adipose (loose)
  • dense (dense)
    other (specialist)
49
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth (visceral)
50
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A
  • A loose weave of tissue acting as a packing between tissues and functions as support.
  • Holding body fluids.
  • Defence (against infection via white cells and macrophages).
  • Storing nutrients.
51
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A
  • Closely packed adipocytes or fat cells that insulates.
  • Protects organs.
  • Acts as a reserve fuel supply.
52
Q

What are the 11 organ systems?

A
  • integumentary (skin, hair and nails)
  • skeletal
  • muscular
  • nervous
  • endocrine
  • respiratory
  • cardiovascular
  • lymphatic and immune
  • digestive
  • urinary
  • reproductive
53
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A
  • Closely packed adipocytes or fat cells that insulates.
  • Protects organs.
  • Acts as a reserve fuel supply.
54
Q

Dense connective tissue

A
  • Parallel arrangement of collagen fibres with few elastin fibres so resists force in one direction.
  • Forms tendons to attach muscle to bone and ligaments that attach bone to bone.
55
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
56
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • Covers ends of long bones as articular cartilage
  • Supports most respiratory system passages
  • Makes up embryonic skeleton before bone forms
57
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • Maintains shape but allow flexibility
58
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Cross between hyaline and dense regular connective tissue
  • Absorbs compressive forces (e.g.: intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee)
59
Q

Cartilage

A

= a resilient, strong connective tissue that is less hard and more flexible than bone

60
Q

Ligament

A

= a tough band of connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

61
Q

Tendon

A

= a tough band of connective tissue that attached muscle to bon

62
Q

What are (7) reasons for cellular level pathologies?

A
  • Lack of oxygen
  • Physical injury
  • Chemical injury
  • Infections
  • Injury as a result of immune response
  • Injury as a result of genetic defect
  • Injury as a result of nutritional imbalances
63
Q

What occurs at tissue level with pathology (5)?

A
  • Oedema
  • Jaundice
  • Inflammation
  • Infection
  • Cellular death/necrosis
64
Q

What vitamin is required for protein synthesis

A

Vitamin K

65
Q

What is required for collagen synthesis?

A

Vitamin C

66
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • contains genetic info
  • site of initiation of protein synthesis
67
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

production of ribosomes

68
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

manufactures proteins

69
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A
  • studded with ribosomes
  • becomes the factory of protein synthesis
70
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A
  • lipid synthesis
  • metabolises toxins
  • calcium store
71
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

destruction of debris and waste products

72
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

provides energy

73
Q

What is the function of the golgi complex?

A

processes newly made proteins and transports them to their destination within the cell

74
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • provides strength and rigidity to the cell
  • transport
  • motility
75
Q

What is the function of the membrane?

A

encloses the cell

76
Q

What are the purposes of glycolipids?

A
  • helps cell communication
  • growth development
  • detects harmful foreign cells
77
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • covers body surfaces
  • lines hollow organs
  • cavities and ducts
  • forms glands
78
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • support
  • blind and protect the body and its organs
79
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • excitable
  • specialised for rapid signal conduction
  • initiates and transmits nerve impulses
80
Q

Muscular tissue

A
  • excitable and specialised for contraction
  • provides movement and force
81
Q

Ground substance (connective tissue)

A
  • loose flexible gel (mainly water and proteoglycans
  • allows diffusion of materials and dissolved substances
82
Q

Clast cells

A

breakdown connective tissue

83
Q

Cyte cells

A

maintain, recycle, breakdown ground substance

84
Q

Fibres present in connective tissue:

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
85
Q

What are (5) functions of connective tissue?

A
  • connecting body parts
  • binding and supporting
  • protecting
  • insulating
  • storing
86
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A
  • a loose weave of tissue acting as a packaging between tissues, and functions as support
  • holding body fluids
  • defence (against infection via white cells and macrophages)
  • storing nutrients
87
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A
  • closely packed adipocytes or fat cells that insulates
  • protects organs
  • acts as a reserve fuel supply
88
Q

Dense connective tissue

A
  • parallel arrangement of collagen fibres with few elastin fibres (so resists force in one direction)
  • forms tendons to attach muscle to bone and ligaments that attach bone to bone
89
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • covers ends of long bones as articular cartilage
  • support most respiratory system passages
  • makes up embryonic skeleton before bone forms
90
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

maintains shape but allow flexibility (e.g: ear)

91
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • cross between hyaline and dense regular connective tissue
  • absorbs compressive forces (e.g: intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee)
92
Q

What is the process by which a parent cell duplicates itself into 2 identical daughter cells?

A

Mitosis

93
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

a cell grows and DNA replicates itself

94
Q

Simple squamous epithelium consist of what?

A

a single layer of flat cells

95
Q

Membranes

A

sheets made up of different tissue layers

Physiotherapy (32 decks)

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