The Renal System Flashcards
Anuria
non-passage of urine
Oliguria
low output of urine (less that 400ml/day or 2 cups)
Diuresis
increase in urination rate
Diuretic
drugs that increase urine production
Electrolytes
charged particle ion that conducts an electrical current in an aqueous solution
Blood chemistry
urea and electrolytes
Dysuria
pain or discomfort when passing urine
Nocturia
need to wake up to pass urine at night
Micturition
process of urination
Pyelitis
infection of renal pelvis and calices
Pyelonephritis
infection of the whole kidney
Urology
study of urinary system
Ureters
long tubes that take urine from the kidney to the bladder
Bladder
for storage and elimination of urine
Urethrea
passageway for discharging urine
Which comes first the efferent arteriole or afferent arteriole?
afferent
What does the nephron consist of?
- glomerulus
- Bowman’s capsule
- proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
What are the 3 stages of urine formation?
Stage 1 - Glomerular filtration
Stage 2 - Tubular reabsorption
Stage 3 - Tubular secretion and urine production
Glomerular filtration
movements of H2O and solutes from flood into filtrate under pressure (passive process)
Tubular reabsorption
return of useful substances and water from filtrate into the blood
Tubular secretion and urine production
active removal of unwanted substances/wastes from the blood into filtrate
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
125ml/min
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) maintained by?
autoregulation
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
the rate at which the kidney/nephron filters blood
What does an increase in ADH result in?
greater reabsorption leading to less urine
What does a decrease in ADH result in?
less reabsorption leading to more urine
What does ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) influence?
permeability of the collecting duct
What are (5) red flags of common pathologies of the Renal System?
- anuria
- dysuria with fever, flank pain, back pain or weakness of legs
- haematuria (especially if over 50 with hypertension and oedema)
- polyuria with sudden onset, young child with night sweats and weight loss
- signs of sexual abuse (especially for children)
Common pathologies of the Renal System
- Nocturia
- Oliguria
- Polyuria
- Proteinuria (albuminuria)
- Renal colic
- Urinary frequency
- Calculi – kidney, bladder and ureteral stones
- Enuresis (bed wetting)
- Nephritis (Bright’s disease) – glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis
- Nephroblastoma (Wilms’ tumour)
- Prostate cancer
- Pyelitis inflammation of pelvis of the kidney caused by bacterial infections
- Renal failure
- Uremia
- Urinary incontinence
- Urinary tract infection (UTI) – upper UTIs (infection of kidneys eg. pyelonephritis or ureteritis) or lower UTIs (infections of urethra (urethritis) or bladder (cystitis).
