Pain Effects on Systems Flashcards
1
Q
How can pain effect the cardiovascular system?
A
- increase heart rate & blood pressure
- increased need for oxygen
- water retention, potential fluid overload
2
Q
How can pain effect the respiratory system?
A
- increased respiratory rate
- shallow breathing
- increased risk of infection
3
Q
How can pain effect the immune system?
A
- increased susceptibility to infection
- increased or decreased sensitivity to pain
- activation of HPA axis
4
Q
How can pain effect the endocrine system?
A
- increased blood glucose
- increased cortisol production
5
Q
How can pain effect the gastrointestinal system?
A
- reduced gastric emptying + intestinal motility
- nausea & vomiting
- constipation
6
Q
How can pain effect the urinary system?
A
- urge to urinate/incontinence
7
Q
How can pain effect the musculoskeletal system?
A
- tense muscles local to injury
- shaking or shivering
- Pilo-erection (goose bumps)
8
Q
How can pain effect the nervous system?
A
- changes in pain processing
- risk of pain becoming chronic
9
Q
How can pain effect the brain?
A
- anxiety/fear
- depression
- poor concentration
- inhibition or promotion of pain
10
Q
What is an example of non-opioid analgesics?
A
paracetamol
11
Q
What is are examples of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
A
- Aspirin
- Ibuprofen
- Naproxen (prescription)
- Diclofenac (prescription)
12
Q
What is an example of a compound analgesic?
A
Co-codamol (combined paracetamol with codeine)
13
Q
What are examples of opioid analgesics?
A
- Codeine (prescription)
- Tramadol (prescription)
- Morphine (prescription)
14
Q
What is epidural pain relief?
A
- Needle is inserted followed by a fine catheter at the appropriate level of the spinal column into the epidural space.
- Band of anaesthesia will form depending on which nerve roots have been selected.
- Sensory block not motor (motor fibres are larger making them more resistant to anaesthetic).
