Paediatrics Flashcards
What are fine motor skills in child development?
=using hands to be able to eat draw, dress, play and write
What are gross motor skills in child development?
= large group of muscles to sit, stand, walk, run, keep balance and change positions
What are the 5 elements of typical development in children?
- gross motor
- fine motor
- language
- cognitive
- social
What does movement provide children?
- enables self exploration and body awareness, providing independence
- gives comfort, security and safety
- contributes to a child’s social and emotional development
- needed for dynamic elements of postural stability, which underlies skill performance
What are language skills in child development?
= speaking, using body language and gestures, communicating and understanding
What are cognitive skills in child development?
= thinking skills (e.g., learning and understanding, problem – solving, remembering)
What are social skills in child development?
= interacting with others, having relationships, co-operating and responding to feelings
What are some examples of innate reflexes in newborns?
- Moro’s reflex
- Righting reflex
- Reflex of oral automatism
- Grasp’s reflex
- Babinski’s reflex
What is child neglect abuse?
= persistent failure to meet a child’s basic physical and/or psychological needs.
What are the 4 types of child abuse?
- physical
- emotional
- sexual
- neglect
What is physical child abuse?
= hitting, shaking, throwing, poisoning, burning or scalding, drowning, suffocating, or otherwise causing physical harm to a child.
What is emotional child abuse?
= persistent emotional maltreatment of a child to cause severe and persistent adverse effects on the child’s emotional development.
What is sexual child abuse?
= involves forcing or enticing a child or young person to take part in sexual activities.
When is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) onset?
0-2 months
When is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) integration?
4-6 months
What is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) response?
arms and leg on jaw side extends, while arm and leg on skull side flex
What is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) stimulus?
rotation of the head to one side
When is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) importance?
- early eye-hand regard
- vestibularstimulation
-changes distribution of muscle tone
What are (7) common paediatric respiratory conditions?
- Asthma
- Bronchiectasis
- Bronchiolitis
- Chronic lung disease (pre-term infants)
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Emphysema
- Pneumonia – community or hospital acquired
What are some common paediatric joint (MSK) conditions?
- Flat feet
- Toe walkers
- In-toeing gait
- Genu varum / bowlegs
- Genu valgum / knock knees
- developmental hip dysplasia
- Perthe’s disease
- Fractures
- Slipped upper femoral epiphysis
- Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Osgood Schlatter’s
- Osteochondritis dissecans
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)
What is juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?
= a chronic inflammatory condition in children primarily affecting synovial joints
What are (4) clinical features of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?
- Joint inflammation, pain, stiffness and swelling
- Acute anterior uveitis – pain and redness of eyes; chronic eye problems can cause blindness
- Fatigue and malaise
- Growth retardation
What are some diagnostic tools for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?
- P-GALS – (paeds gait arm leg spine) tool to diagnose the disease
- X-rays
- Blood tests e.g., full blood count, r/o anaemia and cancer
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- C-reactive protein
- Serum Rh Factor
- Positive anti-nuclear bodies
How do you manage juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?
- physiotherapy
- drugs – NSAIDs, corticosteroid joint injections, Disease modifying drugs (e.g., methotrexate, corticosteroids)
- eye screening
What are (5) common neurological conditions in children?
- Cerebral palsy
- Brain tumours
- Paediatric stroke
- Encephalitis
- Epilepsy
What are (4) neuromuscular paediatric conditions?
- spinal muscular atrophy
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- Charcot-Marie tooth
- congenital myopathy
What is cerebral palsy (CP)?
- a permanent non-progressive condition
- caused by damage to the brain of a baby, either in-utero, during birth, or during the first few months of their life.
- predominantly causes problems with posture and movement, including weakness and abnormal muscle tone.
How can cerebral palsy (CP) affect a child?
- Increased muscle tone (spasticity / hypertonia / stiffness)
- Low muscle tone (hypotonia / floppy muscles)
- Muscle weakness
- Delayed or impaired development of fine and
gross skills - “Abnormal” movement patterns
- Sensory processing difficulties
- Visual impairment
- Communication problems
- Challenging behaviour
- Learning difficulties
- In some types of CP, the child’s oral muscles might be affected. This can impair speech and swallowing
When is the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) onset?
4-6 months
When is the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) integration?
8-12 months
What is the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) stimulus?
flexion/extension of head and neck
What is the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) response?
Neck flexion = UL flex + LL ext.
Neck extension = UL ext + LL flex
What is the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) importance?
bilat patterns of movements; assume quadruped; allows to move against gravity
What are characteristic joint deformities in CP?
- Flexion at elbows and wrists with clasped fingers
- Adductor spasticity of the hips, resulting in a ‘scissor’ stance and gait
- Flexion at the hips and knees
- Equinus deformity of the feet
What are the postural effects of CP?
- Abnormal biomechanical forces (placed on the joint)
- Spasticity (causing adduction and flexion of hip, moving the head of femur laterally and posteriorly)
- Contractures (muscles don’t grow normally, limiting movement of joints and limbs, and causing abnormal postures and deformities)
What are the 6 F’s of childhood disability?
Fitness
Function
Friendships
Family Factors
Fun
Future
Why are standing frames used for children with Cerebral Palsy (CP)?
- well supported, so don’t have to work so hard to stay upright, and leaves hands free
- standing helps: hip joint development, muscle stretching, improved head control, digestion and breathing, bladder and bowel function, improved bone mineral density
