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Physiotherapy > Paediatrics > Flashcards

Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What are fine motor skills in child development?

A

=using hands to be able to eat draw, dress, play and write

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2
Q

What are gross motor skills in child development?

A

= large group of muscles to sit, stand, walk, run, keep balance and change positions

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3
Q

What are the 5 elements of typical development in children?

A
  • gross motor
  • fine motor
  • language
  • cognitive
  • social
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4
Q

What does movement provide children?

A
  • enables self exploration and body awareness, providing independence
  • gives comfort, security and safety
  • contributes to a child’s social and emotional development
  • needed for dynamic elements of postural stability, which underlies skill performance
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5
Q

What are language skills in child development?

A

= speaking, using body language and gestures, communicating and understanding

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6
Q

What are cognitive skills in child development?

A

= thinking skills (e.g., learning and understanding, problem – solving, remembering)

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7
Q

What are social skills in child development?

A

= interacting with others, having relationships, co-operating and responding to feelings

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8
Q

What are some examples of innate reflexes in newborns?

A
  • Moro’s reflex
  • Righting reflex
  • Reflex of oral automatism
  • Grasp’s reflex
  • Babinski’s reflex
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9
Q

What is child neglect abuse?

A

= persistent failure to meet a child’s basic physical and/or psychological needs.

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of child abuse?

A
  • physical
  • emotional
  • sexual
  • neglect
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11
Q

What is physical child abuse?

A

= hitting, shaking, throwing, poisoning, burning or scalding, drowning, suffocating, or otherwise causing physical harm to a child.

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12
Q

What is emotional child abuse?

A

= persistent emotional maltreatment of a child to cause severe and persistent adverse effects on the child’s emotional development.

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13
Q

What is sexual child abuse?

A

= involves forcing or enticing a child or young person to take part in sexual activities.

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14
Q

When is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) onset?

A

0-2 months

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15
Q

When is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) integration?

A

4-6 months

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16
Q

What is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) response?

A

arms and leg on jaw side extends, while arm and leg on skull side flex

17
Q

What is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) stimulus?

A

rotation of the head to one side

18
Q

When is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) importance?

A
  • early eye-hand regard
  • vestibularstimulation
    -changes distribution of muscle tone
19
Q

What are (7) common paediatric respiratory conditions?

A
  • Asthma
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Chronic lung disease (pre-term infants)
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Emphysema
  • Pneumonia – community or hospital acquired
20
Q

What are some common paediatric joint (MSK) conditions?

A
  • Flat feet
  • Toe walkers
  • In-toeing gait
  • Genu varum / bowlegs
  • Genu valgum / knock knees
  • developmental hip dysplasia
  • Perthe’s disease
  • Fractures
  • Slipped upper femoral epiphysis
  • Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta
  • Osgood Schlatter’s
  • Osteochondritis dissecans
  • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)
21
Q

What is juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?

A

= a chronic inflammatory condition in children primarily affecting synovial joints

22
Q

What are (4) clinical features of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?

A
  • Joint inflammation, pain, stiffness and swelling
  • Acute anterior uveitis – pain and redness of eyes; chronic eye problems can cause blindness
  • Fatigue and malaise
  • Growth retardation
23
Q

What are some diagnostic tools for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?

A
  • P-GALS – (paeds gait arm leg spine) tool to diagnose the disease
  • X-rays
  • Blood tests e.g., full blood count, r/o anaemia and cancer
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
  • C-reactive protein
  • Serum Rh Factor
  • Positive anti-nuclear bodies
24
Q

How do you manage juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?

A
  • physiotherapy
  • drugs – NSAIDs, corticosteroid joint injections, Disease modifying drugs (e.g., methotrexate, corticosteroids)
  • eye screening
25
Q

What are (5) common neurological conditions in children?

A
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Brain tumours
  • Paediatric stroke
  • Encephalitis
  • Epilepsy
26
Q

What are (4) neuromuscular paediatric conditions?

A
  • spinal muscular atrophy
  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy
  • Charcot-Marie tooth
  • congenital myopathy
27
Q

What is cerebral palsy (CP)?

A
  • a permanent non-progressive condition
  • caused by damage to the brain of a baby, either in-utero, during birth, or during the first few months of their life.
  • predominantly causes problems with posture and movement, including weakness and abnormal muscle tone.
28
Q

How can cerebral palsy (CP) affect a child?

A
  • Increased muscle tone (spasticity / hypertonia / stiffness)
  • Low muscle tone (hypotonia / floppy muscles)
  • Muscle weakness
  • Delayed or impaired development of fine and
    gross skills
  • “Abnormal” movement patterns
  • Sensory processing difficulties
  • Visual impairment
  • Communication problems
  • Challenging behaviour
  • Learning difficulties
  • In some types of CP, the child’s oral muscles might be affected. This can impair speech and swallowing
29
Q

When is the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) onset?

A

4-6 months

30
Q

When is the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) integration?

A

8-12 months

31
Q

What is the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) stimulus?

A

flexion/extension of head and neck

32
Q

What is the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) response?

A

Neck flexion = UL flex + LL ext.
Neck extension = UL ext + LL flex

33
Q

What is the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) importance?

A

bilat patterns of movements; assume quadruped; allows to move against gravity

34
Q

What are characteristic joint deformities in CP?

A
  • Flexion at elbows and wrists with clasped fingers
  • Adductor spasticity of the hips, resulting in a ‘scissor’ stance and gait
  • Flexion at the hips and knees
  • Equinus deformity of the feet
35
Q

What are the postural effects of CP?

A
  • Abnormal biomechanical forces (placed on the joint)
  • Spasticity (causing adduction and flexion of hip, moving the head of femur laterally and posteriorly)
  • Contractures (muscles don’t grow normally, limiting movement of joints and limbs, and causing abnormal postures and deformities)
36
Q

What are the 6 F’s of childhood disability?

A

Fitness
Function
Friendships
Family Factors
Fun
Future

37
Q

Why are standing frames used for children with Cerebral Palsy (CP)?

A
  • well supported, so don’t have to work so hard to stay upright, and leaves hands free
  • standing helps: hip joint development, muscle stretching, improved head control, digestion and breathing, bladder and bowel function, improved bone mineral density

Physiotherapy (30 decks)

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