Paediatrics

Question 1

What are fine motor skills in child development?

Answer 1

=using hands to be able to eat draw, dress, play and write

Question 2

What are gross motor skills in child development?

Answer 2

= large group of muscles to sit, stand, walk, run, keep balance and change positions

Question 3

What are the 5 elements of typical development in children?

Answer 3

• gross motor
• fine motor
• language
• cognitive
• social

Question 4

What does movement provide children?

Answer 4

• enables self exploration and body awareness, providing independence
• gives comfort, security and safety
• contributes to a child’s social and emotional development
• needed for dynamic elements of postural stability, which underlies skill performance

Question 5

What are language skills in child development?

Answer 5

= speaking, using body language and gestures, communicating and understanding

Question 6

What are cognitive skills in child development?

Answer 6

= thinking skills (e.g., learning and understanding, problem – solving, remembering)

Question 7

What are social skills in child development?

Answer 7

= interacting with others, having relationships, co-operating and responding to feelings

Question 8

What are some examples of innate reflexes in newborns?

Answer 8

• Moro’s reflex
• Righting reflex
• Reflex of oral automatism
• Grasp’s reflex
• Babinski’s reflex

Question 9

What is child neglect abuse?

Answer 9

= persistent failure to meet a child’s basic physical and/or psychological needs.

Question 10

What are the 4 types of child abuse?

Answer 10

• physical
• emotional
• sexual
• neglect

Question 11

What is physical child abuse?

Answer 11

= hitting, shaking, throwing, poisoning, burning or scalding, drowning, suffocating, or otherwise causing physical harm to a child.

Question 12

What is emotional child abuse?

Answer 12

= persistent emotional maltreatment of a child to cause severe and persistent adverse effects on the child’s emotional development.

Question 13

What is sexual child abuse?

Answer 13

= involves forcing or enticing a child or young person to take part in sexual activities.

Question 14

When is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) onset?

Answer 14

0-2 months

Question 15

When is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) integration?

Answer 15

4-6 months

Question 16

When is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) response?

Answer 16

arms and leg on jaw side extends, while arm and leg on skull side flex

Question 17

When is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) stimulus?

Answer 17

rotation of the head to one side

Question 18

When is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) importance?

Answer 18

• early eye-hand regard
• vestibularstimulation
  -changes distribution of muscle tone

Question 19

What are (7) common paediatric respiratory conditions?

Answer 19

• Asthma
• Bronchiectasis
• Bronchiolitis
• Chronic lung disease (pre-term infants)
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Emphysema
• Pneumonia – community or hospital acquired

Question 20

What are some common paediatric joint (MSK) conditions?

Answer 20

• Flat feet
• Toe walkers
• In-toeing gait
• Genu varum / bowlegs
• Genu valgum / knock knees
• developmental hip dysplasia
• Perthe’s disease
• Fractures
• Slipped upper femoral epiphysis
• Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)
• Osteogenesis imperfecta
• Osgood Schlatter’s
• Osteochondritis dissecans
• Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)

Question 21

What is juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?

Answer 21

= a chronic inflammatory condition in children primarily affecting synovial joints

Question 22

What are (4) clinical features of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?

Answer 22

• Joint inflammation, pain, stiffness and swelling
• Acute anterior uveitis – pain and redness of eyes; chronic eye problems can cause blindness
• Fatigue and malaise
• Growth retardation

Question 23

What are some diagnostic tools for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?

Answer 23

• P-GALS – (paeds gait arm leg spine) tool to diagnose the disease
• X-rays
• Blood tests e.g., full blood count, r/o anaemia and cancer
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
• C-reactive protein
• Serum Rh Factor
• Positive anti-nuclear bodies

Question 24

How do you manage juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?

Answer 24

• physiotherapy
• drugs – NSAIDs, corticosteroid joint injections, Disease modifying drugs (e.g., methotrexate, corticosteroids)
• eye screening

Question 25

What are (5) common neurological conditions in children?

Answer 25

• Cerebral palsy
• Brain tumours
• Paediatric stroke
• Encephalitis
• Epilepsy

Question 26

What are (4) neuromuscular paediatric conditions?

Answer 26

• spinal muscular atrophy
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy
• Charcot-Marie tooth
• congenital myopathy

Question 27

What is cerebral palsy (CP)?

Answer 27

• a permanent non-progressive condition
• caused by damage to the brain of a baby, either in-utero, during birth, or during the first few months of their life.
• predominantly causes problems with posture and movement, including weakness and abnormal muscle tone.

Question 28

How can cerebral palsy (CP) affect a child?

Answer 28

• Increased muscle tone (spasticity / hypertonia / stiffness)
• Low muscle tone (hypotonia / floppy muscles)
• Muscle weakness
• Delayed or impaired development of fine and
  gross skills
• “Abnormal” movement patterns
• Sensory processing difficulties
• Visual impairment
• Communication problems
• Challenging behaviour
• Learning difficulties
• In some types of CP, the child’s oral muscles might be affected. This can impair speech and swallowing