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Physiotherapy > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different segments of the spine?

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
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2
Q

How many vertebrae are there in the lumbar spine?

A

5

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3
Q

What are the lumbar movements?

A
  • Flexion 50 degrees/Extension 30 degrees
  • Side (lateral) Flexion 20-30 degrees
  • Rotation (only a few degrees)
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4
Q

Describe the structure of the lumbar spine.

A
  • No foramen transversaria / facets for ribs
  • Stouter and stronger than other regions
  • Kidney-shaped body
  • L5 wedge shaped (deeper anteriorly)
  • Spines project horizontally backwards
  • Interbody joints (vertebral bodies)
  • Zygapophyseal (facet joints)
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5
Q

Which part of the spine receives the most stress?

A

the lumbar spine

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6
Q

What are spinous processes?

A
  • short, flat and hatchet shaped
  • easily seen when bending forward
  • robust and projects directly backward as adaptations for attachments of large muscles
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7
Q

How is rotation prevented in the lumbar spine?

A

the facets of articular processes of the lumber vertebrae are orientated so that they lock together and provide stability

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8
Q

What are (3) types of disc herniation?

A
  • Annulus protrusion (prolapse)
  • Nuclear extursion
  • Sequestration
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9
Q

What is annulus protrusion (prolapse)?

A

disc bulges without rupture of the annulus fibroses

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10
Q

What is nuclear extursion?

A

annulus fibroses is perforated and part of the nucleus pulposes moves to the epidural space

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11
Q

What is sequestration?

A

formation of discal fragments from the annulus fibroses and nucleus pulposes outside the disc proper

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12
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of lumbar spinal stenosis?

A
  • aching
  • cramping
  • tingling
  • heaviness
  • weakness of legs brought by walking or standing
  • eased by sitting or leaning forward
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13
Q

How does lumber spinal stenosis occur?

A

due to the narrowing of the area of the spine that contains the nerves or spinal cord
–> can lead to irritation or compression of the nerves which travel down the legs

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14
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

a group of nerves and nerve roots stemming from the distal end of the spinal cord (typically levels L1-L5), and contains axons of nerves that give both motor and sensory innervation to the legs, bladder, anus, and perineum

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15
Q

How many fused vertebrae make up the coccyx?

A

4

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16
Q

How can L5 root compressions occur?

A
  • degeneration of the spine
  • decreased disc space
  • growth of osteophytes on facet joints
  • thickening of ligaments
17
Q

What are (3) L5 root compression injuries?

A
  • disc prolapse (commonly a lifting injury)
  • fracture
  • spondylolisthesis (slip of one lumbar vertebra on another)
18
Q

How does osteoporosis link to L5 root compression?

A

links to degeneration + loss of space between discs, and lack of space for nerve roots

19
Q

Where does the iliolumbar ligament attach to?

A

L5-S1

20
Q

What does the iliolumbar ligament restrict?

A

lateral flexion

21
Q

Describe spondylolisthesis.

A

a condition occurring when one vertebral body slips with respect to the adjacent vertebral body
- causes: radicular or mechanical symptoms or pain
- graded based on the degree of slippage of one vertebral body on the adjacent vertebral body

22
Q

What are (5) main ligaments in the lumbar spine?

A
  • anterior + posterior longitundinal ligaments
  • ligamentum flava
  • interspinous supraspinous ligaments
  • iliolumbar ligament
  • lateral lumbosacral ligament
23
Q

What are (6) deep back muscles?

A
  • spinalis
  • longissimus
  • iliocostalis
  • spinalis thoracis
  • longissimus thoracis
  • iliocostalis lumborum
24
Q

What are (3) superficial extensors of the back?

A
  • illiocostalis
  • spinalis
  • longissimus
25
Q

What are (3) deep extensors of the back?

A
  • rotators
  • semispinalis
  • multifidous
26
Q

What are (3) stabilizer muscles of the trunk?

A
  • transversus
  • abdominus
  • multifidus
27
Q

What are (3) mobilizer muscles of the trunk?

A
  • erector spinae
  • rectus abdominus
  • quadratus lumborum
28
Q

What are (4) trunk (abdominal) muscles?

A
  • transversus abdominis
  • internal oblique
  • external oblique
  • rectus abdominis
29
Q

What are modifiable risk factors of low back pain (LBP)?

A
  • physical activity level
  • cognition + emotions
  • environment
  • socioeconomic
  • cultural
  • work
  • home
  • stress
  • sleep
30
Q

What are (3) non-modifiable factor of low back pain (LBP)?

A
  • genetics
  • gender
  • life stage

Physiotherapy (41 decks)

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