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Physiotherapy > Digestion, Nutrition & Obesity > Flashcards

Digestion, Nutrition & Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

substance in food that are used to promote normal, growth, maintenance and repair (metabolised for building blocks or energy)

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2
Q

What are the uses of carbohydrates in the body?

A

Glucose (monosaccharide) = fuel

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3
Q

What can happen if you have excess carbohydrates in the body?

A
  • depressed brain function and neurone death
  • obesity
  • diabetes mellitus
  • dental cares
  • gastrointestinal irritation
  • excess glucose converted to fat and glycogen
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4
Q

What can happen if you have deficient carbohydrates in the body?

A
  • tissue wasting
  • metabolic acidosis
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5
Q

What are the uses of lipids in the body?

A
  • provides protection for organs
  • integral part of myelin sheaths
  • cholesterol used in plasma membranes
  • major energy fuel of skeletal muscle
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6
Q

What can happen if you have deficient lipids in the body?

A
  • weight loss
  • problems controlling heat
  • poor growth, skin lesions
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7
Q

What can happen if you have excess lipids in the body?

A
  • obesity
  • increased risk of cardiovascular disease
  • atherosclerosis
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8
Q

What are the uses of proteins in the body?

A
  • tissue maintenance and growth
  • rate protein synthesis = breakdown
  • positive nitrogen balance needed needed for pregnant women or growing children
  • negative nitrogen balance (seen in physical and emotional stress)
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9
Q

What can happen if you have deficient proteins in the body?

A
  • profound weight loss
  • tissue wasting
  • anaemia
  • oedema
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10
Q

What can happen if you have excess proteins in the body?

A
  • obesity
  • enhanced calcium excretion
  • bone loss
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11
Q

What are vitamins?

A

organic compounds needed for growth and good health

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12
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

chemicals that regulate nerve and muscle function, hydrate the body, balance blood acidity and pressure, and help rebuild damaged tissue

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13
Q

What are some examples of electrolytes?

A
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Bicarbonate
  • Magnesium
  • Chlorine
  • Phosphate
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14
Q

What is anabolism?

A

reactions that build larger molecules and structures

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15
Q

What is catabolism?

A

process of breaking down, complex structures into simpler ones

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16
Q

What is oxidation?

A

food molecules react with oxygen present in our body causing formation of water and carbon dioxide and release of energy

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17
Q

What are the short term controls of food intake?

A
  • Vagus nerve
  • nutrient signals
  • gut hormones
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18
Q

What are the long-term controls of food intake?

A
  • insulin
  • leptin
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19
Q

What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

Energy of cost of living
- reflects the need to maintain essential activities like breathing and maintaining organ function
- controlled by thyroxine hormone

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20
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

kilocalorie consumption required to fuel all ongoing activities

21
Q

What does the digestive system consist of?

A
  • Mouth
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine – duodenum, jejunum and ileum
  • Large intestine
  • Anus
22
Q

What are the major processes occurring in the digestive system?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Secretion
  • Mixing and Propulsion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
23
Q

What are the (3) mouth functions?

A
  • ingest food
  • masticate (chewing)
  • mix food with saliva
24
Q

What are the (3) functions of the salivary glands?

A
  • cleanses mouth
  • dissolves food chemicals to facilitate taste
  • moistens food to enable bolus formation
25
Q

What are the 2 phases of deglutition (swallowing)?

A
  • Buccal phase – bolus formation
  • Pharyngeal-oesophageal phase – tongue blocks mouth, epiglottis closes and upper oesophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food into oesophagus
26
Q

What (2) muscles help push food into the oesophagus?

A
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
27
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

closes to prevent food going into the trachea and direct it to the oesophagus

28
Q

How does the oesophagus connect to the stomach?

A

via the oesophageal hiatus and the cardiac sphincter

29
Q

What is propulsion?

A

peristalsis pushes food to fundus

30
Q

What is grinding?

A

vigorous mixing motion close to pylorus

31
Q

What is retropulsion?

A

pylorus forced back to the stomach

32
Q

What are the (6) functions of the liver?

A
  1. Metabolism of carbohydrate, lipid and protein (maintains normal blood glucose level)
  2. Detoxification (removes and excretes alcohol and some drugs; chemically alters some hormones)
  3. Storage for nutrients (stores glycogen, vitamins A, B12, D, E + K; minerals like Fe and copper)
  4. Phagocytosis (breaks down worn out red blood cells, white blood cells and some bacteria)
  5. Activation of vitamin D
  6. Production of bile
33
Q

What is the purpose of bile?

A

helps with digestion by breaking fats into fatty acids

34
Q

What is the purpose of the pancreas?

A
  • Supplies most of the enzymes that digest chyme
  • Exocrine part produces pancreatic juice of enzymes
  • Supplies bicarbonates that neutralise stomach acids
35
Q

What is the purpose of the small intestine?

A

major site for digestion and absorption due to its invaginated structure (folds of mucosa are lines with villi)

36
Q

Between the villi of the small intestine are intestinal crypts containing what (2) things?

A
  • Enterocytes = absorb nutrients and electrolytes
  • Goblet cells = secrete mucous
37
Q

What is the purpose of the large intestine?

A

mainly to absorb water

38
Q

What is an appendix?

A
  • contains lymph tissue
  • involved in immunity and as a storehouse of bacteria for the gut
39
Q

What initiates the defecation reflex of the rectum?

A

stretching

40
Q

How does defecation take place?

A
  • faeces forced into rectum, distends the rectal wall
  • this stretches it and initiates the defecation reflex
  • the sphincter relaxes and rectal walls contract to expel faeces aided by glottis closing and contraction of diaphragm
41
Q

What BMI is considered overweight?

A

greater than or equal to 25

42
Q

What BMI is considered obesity?

A

greater than or equal to 30

43
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

Person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of his height in meters (kg/m2).

44
Q

What are (5) ways to measure body fat?

A
  • BMI
  • DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) scan
  • Bathroom scales
  • Waist measurement
45
Q

What is the fundamental cause of obesity and being overweight?

A

an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended

46
Q

What causes obesity and being overweight?

A
  • Increased intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fat and sugars
  • Increase in physical inactivity due to the increasingly sedentary nature of work, changing modes of transportation, and increasing urbanisation
47
Q

What factors can cause someone to be overweight?

A
  • genetic
  • socioeconomic
  • ethnicity
  • lack of exercise
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • diet
  • medications
  • stress + mental illness
  • poor sleep
48
Q

How does a patient manage their obesity?

A
  • lifestyle interventions
  • diet
  • exercise
  • behavioural therapy
  • medical managements (appetite suppressant)
  • bariatric surgery
  • patient education

Physiotherapy (46 decks)

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