The Reproductive System Flashcards
What are red flags common pathologies of the male reproductive system?
- Isolated swelling, nodules or cysts
- Painful swelling or scrotal pain (check for inflammation)
- Sores that do not heal
- Purulent urethral discharge or bleeding
- Blood in the semen for more than 1 month
- Erectile dysfunction with numbness or paraesthesia in groin or saddle area
- Persistent abnormal erection without sexual desire (priapism) esp. if accompanied with night sweat, pain, fever or following a trauma
- Any signs of sexual abuse (children & adults)
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
- noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland
- causes difficulty in urination, risk of developing kidney stones and UTI
- linked to changes in testosterone (for older men)
What is epididymitis and what causes it?
inflammation of the epididymis
caused by:
- groin injury
- STI or mumps
- heavy lifting and straining can cause backflow of urine to the epididymis
What are signs and symptoms of epididymis?
- Testicular pain
- Swelling
- Inflammation
- Penile discharge
- Bleeding
- Lower abdominal pain
- Pain in urination
- Urgency or increased frequency of urination
What is impotence (erectile dysfunction) caused by?
atherosclerosis, diabetes, nerve damage, illness, stress, or fatigue
What are signs and symptoms of penile cancer?
- Thickening of skin
- Sore
- Discolouration of skin
- Lump
- Bleeding
- Discharge
What are some risk factors of penile cancer?
- HPV
- HIV infection
- poor hygiene
- cigarette smoking
What is prostate cancer?
a very slow growing cancer that begins with a small bump in a prostate gland, which is asymptomatic until advanced stages
What are signs and symptoms of prostate cancer?
- difficulty urinating
- urinary urgency and frequency
- haematuria
- inability to urinate in end stage
What is prostatitis?
inflammation of prostate gland usually caused by bacterial infections
What are the signs and symptoms of prostatitis?
- muscle spasms in bladder and pelvis
- pain in lower back, perineum and testes
- burning and painful urination
What are the signs and symptoms of testicular cancer?
- irregularly shaped testes with solid growing lump
- unknown causes, but seems to be more common in men with undescended testes in early childhood
What are red flags common pathologies of the female reproductive system?
- Vaginal discharge with change in colour, itching, pain and smell
- Pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia)
- Bleeding (not expected)
- Absence or cessation of menstruation for no known reason
- Pelvic pain (esp. if persistent)
- Lymphadenopathy of inguinal nodes
- Urinary incontinence
- Development of male pattern hair growth and other muscular physical traits (virilisation)
- Vaginal or pelvic pain with chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, tachycardia, fainting
- Any signs of sexual abuse
What is breast cancer?
present with a lump, bumps, soreness, dimpling and leathery appearance of skin over the lump
What are risks of breast cancer?
- old age
- family history
- never having had a baby
What is candidiasis?
thrush, yeast infection
What is cervical cancer caused by?
HPV through sexual intercourse
What are the signs and symptoms of cervical cancer?
- asymptomatic until later stage
- heavy bleeding on menstruation
- bleeding between periods or after intercourse
What are some examples of STDs?
- chlamydia
- syphilis
- HPV
- HIV
- trichomoniasis
- vaginitis
- toxic shock syndrome
What is mastitis?
breast inflammation caused by bacterial infection
What are fibroids?
benign tumours consisting of muscles and fibrous tissues, which can develop in the muscular walls of the uterus causing pain, heaviness in pelvic area and excessive bleeding
What are the signs and symptoms of endometriosis?
- pelvic pain
- irregular menstrual cycle
- severe bleeding and cramping
What is ectopic pregnancy?
foetus develops outside the uterus
What are risk factors for pelvic girdle dysfunction?
- prostate surgery
- age
- pregnancy & childbirth
- genetics
- hysterectomy
- pelvic floor injury
- increased abdominal pressure
- constipation
- intense physical effort
- obesity
- history of back pain
Gravida
number of pregnancies
Parity
number of live births
What is a subjective pregnancy assessment?
- individual journey to pregnancy
- comorbidities
- prior pregnancies/complications
- cultural considerations
What are common pregnancy related conditions?
- Low Back Pain
- Pelvic Girdle Pain
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Incontinence
- Ante/Post-natal Depression
- Hip Pain
- Restless Legs
- Plantar Fasciitis
- Diastasis Rectus Abdominis (DRA)
What are symptoms of pelvic girdle pain?
- Pain
- Difficulty walking
- Pain standing on one leg
- Pain moving your legs apart
- Clicking in pelvic area
- Limited hip movements
- Difficulty lying in some positions
- Can persist after childbirth if not managed
How do you manage pelvic girdle pain?
- Activity Adjustment (i.e., get dressed sitting down)
- Avoid aggravating activities (e.g., SLS)
- Sleeping position
- Limiting Hip Abduction
- Advice on getting in/out of bed/car and lifting
- Specific Exercises
- General Exercise and Fitness
- Manual therapy
- Acupuncture/TENS
- Provision of equipment
What are the contradictions to pregnancy exercise?
- Vaginal bleeding
- Reduced foetal movements
- Serious heart, lung, kidney or thyroid disease
- Diabetes Type 1 (if poorly controlled)
- History of miscarriage, premature labour
- High or low blood pressure (discuss with your doctor)
- Placenta praevia after 26 weeks (discuss with your doctor)
- Acute infectious disease
What are the precautions to pregnancy exercise?
- From 19/52+ avoid supine lying/right side lying
- No doming
- Hydro/Swimming (Pool temperature)
What are common postnatal conditions?
- Collagen softening
- Diastasis recti abdominis
- Decreased muscle strength = Risk decreased mechanical support
- Weaker PFM’s = Risk of incontinence
- Perineal Trauma
What happens with diastasis recti abdominis (DRA)?
- excessive prolonged widening of the midline connective tissue (linea alba)
- bulging/hollowing along midline with abdominal effort
- compromised abdominal wall strength and function
- negative body image
What is the perineum?
the area between the vaginal opening and anus
What is a 1st degree perineal tear?
injury to perineal skin and/or vaginal mucosa
What is a 2nd degree perineal tear?
injury to perineum involving perineal muscles but not involving the anal sphincter
What is a 3rd degree perineal tear?
injury to perineum involving the anal sphincter complex:
- Grade 3a: less than 50% of external anal sphincter (EAS) thickness torn
- Grade 3b: more than 50% of EAS thickness torn
- Grace 3c: both EAS and internal anal sphincter (IAS) torn
What is a 4th degree perineal tear?
injury to perineum involving the anal sphincter complex (EAS and IAS) and anorectal mucosa
