The Reproductive System Flashcards
What are red flags common pathologies of the male reproductive system?
- Isolated swelling, nodules or cysts
- Painful swelling or scrotal pain (check for inflammation)
- Sores that do not heal
- Purulent urethral discharge or bleeding
- Blood in the semen for more than 1 month
- Erectile dysfunction with numbness or paraesthesia in groin or saddle area
- Persistent abnormal erection without sexual desire (priapism) esp. if accompanied with night sweat, pain, fever or following a trauma
- Any signs of sexual abuse (children & adults)
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
- noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland
- causes difficulty in urination, risk of developing kidney stones and UTI
- linked to changes in testosterone (for older men)
What is epididymitis?
- inflammation of the epididymis caused by groin injury
- STI or mumps
- heavy lifting and straining can cause backflow of urine to the epididymis
What are signs and symptoms of epididymis?
- Testicular pain
- Swelling
- Inflammation
- Penile discharge
- Bleeding
- Lower abdominal pain
- Pain in urination
- Urgency or increased frequency of urination
What is impotence (erectile dysfunction) caused by?
atherosclerosis, diabetes, nerve damage, illness, stress, or fatigue
What are signs and symptoms of penile cancer?
- Thickening of skin
- Sore
- Discolouration of skin
- Lump
- Bleeding
- Discharge
What are some risk factors of penile cancer?
- HPV
- HIV infection
- poor hygiene
- cigarette smoking
What is prostate cancer?
a very slow growing cancer that begins with a small bump in a prostate gland, which is asymptomatic until advanced stages
What are signs and symptoms of prostate cancer?
- difficulty urinating
- urinary urgency and frequency
- haematuria
- inability to urinate in end stage
What is prostatitis?
inflammation of prostate gland usually caused by bacterial infections
What are the signs and symptoms of prostatitis?
- muscle spasms in bladder and pelvis
- pain in lower back, perineum and testes
- burning and painful urination
What are the signs and symptoms of testicular cancer?
- irregularly shaped testes with solid growing lump
- unknown causes, but seems to be more common in men with undescended testes in early childhood
What are red flags common pathologies of the female reproductive system?
- Vaginal discharge with change in colour, itching, pain and smell
- Pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia)
- Bleeding (not expected)
- Absence or cessation of menstruation for no known reason
- Pelvic pain (esp. if persistent)
- Lymphadenopathy of inguinal nodes
- Urinary incontinence
- Development of male pattern hair growth and other muscular physical traits (virilisation)
- Vaginal or pelvic pain with chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, tachycardia, fainting
- Any signs of sexual abuse
What is breast cancer?
present with a lump, bumps, soreness, dimpling and leathery appearance of skin over the lump
What are risks of breast cancer?
- old age
- family history
- never having had a baby
