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Physiotherapy > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is an active form of Vitamin D that also raises blood calcium levels by increasing absorption of calcium from digestive tract?

A

Calcitriol

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2
Q

Name some glands in the endocrine system.

A
  • pineal gland
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • thyroid gland
  • thymus
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • kidneys
  • testes
  • ovaries
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3
Q

What raises blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

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4
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

increases blood calcium level

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5
Q

What does calcitonin (CT) do, and where is it secreted from?

A

it has the potential to decrease blood calcium level; released from the thyroid gland

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6
Q

Name the hormones responsible for muscle relaxation.

A

Relaxin and progesterone

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7
Q

Exocrine gland

A

secrete substances into ducts that carry substances into cavities or to outer surfaces of the body

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8
Q

What are (4) examples of exocrine glands?

A
  • sudoriferous (sweat)
  • sebaceous (oil)
  • mucous
  • digestive
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9
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones into extracellular space around their cell which is diffused into capillaries and transported by blood to target cells throughout the body

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10
Q

What are (6) functions of the endocrine system?

A
  • growth
  • development
  • reproduction
  • metabolism
  • homeostasis
  • apoptosis
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11
Q

What (2) types of hormones are synthesised from steroid hormones?

A
  • sex
  • adrenal cortex
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12
Q

What (2) hormones are synthesised from amino acids?

A
  • insulin
  • oxytocin
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13
Q

What is hormone secretion controlled by?

A
  • neural stimulation
  • chemical changes in blood
  • release of other hormones
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14
Q

What are some examples of hormones secreted anteriorly?

A
  • Human Growth Hormone (hGH) or somatotrophin
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Prolactin (PRL) or Lactogenic Hormone
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Melanocyte stimulating Hormone (MSH)
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15
Q

What are some examples of hormones secreted posteriorly?

A
  • Oxytocin (OT)
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

releases hormones (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin) that controls the pituitary gland.

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17
Q

Pituitary gland

A

attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk. Has anterior and posterior portion.

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18
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • located in the epithalamus of the brain
  • secretes Melatonin
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19
Q

Thyroid gland

A
  • butterfly shaped found wrapped around trachea just below the larynx
  • secretes Thyroxine (T4), Tri-iodothyronine (T3) and Calcitonin.
20
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

secretes Parathormone (PTH)

21
Q

Thymus gland

A
  • located in the thorax behind sternum and between lungs
  • secretes Thymic Hormones for T cells
22
Q

Pancreas

A

– 5 to 6 inches long found behind and slightly below the stomach
- has small patches called pancreatic islets of Langerhans
- both an endocrine and exocrine glands
- secretes Glucagon from alpha cells, Insulin from beta cells, somatostatin from delta cells

23
Q

Adrenal glands

A
  • above the kidneys
  • comprise of 2 significantly different parts (adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla).
24
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Secretes:
- Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
- Glocucorticoids (mainly conrtisol)
- Sex hormones (mainly androgens and estrogens).

25
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Secretes:
- Epinephrine/ Adrenaline
Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline

26
Q

Ovaries and testes

A
  • Sex glands
  • Ovaries secrete Progesterone and Estrogens including estriol, estrone, estradiol
  • Testes secrete Testosterone
27
Q

What are 4 effects of long-term stress?

A
  • HTN
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Wasting of muscles
  • Suppression of immune system
28
Q

What are 5 red flags that signal common pathologies of the endocrine system?

A
  • Virilizations and hirsutism in women
  • Delayed puberty
  • Failure to thrive – lethargy, depression, weight loss, weakness
  • Severe headaches
  • Recurring headaches with diaphoresis, tachycardia and palpitations
29
Q

What are some common pathologies of the endocrine system?

A
  • Depression
  • Lethargy
  • Muscle weakness
  • Weight changes
  • Changes in heat tolerance
  • Increased urination and thirst
  • Palpitations
  • Headache
  • Coarsening of features
30
Q

What are 2 common pathologies of the adrenal glands?

A
  • Addison’s disease
  • Cushing’s syndrome
31
Q

What is a common pathology of the parathyroid glands?

A

Calcium deficiency

32
Q

What is a common pathology of the pineal gland

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

33
Q

What are 2 common pathologies of the pituitary gland?

A
  • Acromegaly
  • Diabetes Insipidus
34
Q

What is a common pathology of the parathyroid gland?

A

Gigantism

35
Q

What are 5 common pathologies of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Goiter
  • Grave’s disease
  • Hashimoto disease
  • Myxedema (hypothyroidism)
  • Thyrotoxicosis
36
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

when the body can’t produce enough of insulin, or the insulin it produces isn’t effective.

37
Q

What is a pathology of the pancreatic islets?

A

Diabetes mellitus

38
Q

What are some symptoms of Diabetes mellitus?

A
  • Increased thirst
  • Frequent urination esp. at night-time
  • Weight loss despite increased appetite
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Frequent infections
  • Blurred vision
39
Q

Type 1 diabetes (IDDM)

A

– is a hereditary lifelong condition where the body’s immune system attacks the cells that produce insulin.
- most common in people under the age of 20.

40
Q

Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM)

A
  • Insulin levels may be normal, but body cells do not react to it properly, causing alterations in the metabolism of food.
  • Pregnancy could cause higher blood glucose levels (gestational diabetes).
  • More common than T1 IDDM (over 90% of adults with diabetes have T2DM)
41
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Autoimmune disorder
  • Absence of insulin production
  • Treatment with insulin is essential
42
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Insulin resistance
  • Onset on average around 40 years of age
43
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of diabetes.

A
  • Insulin (produced by the pancreas) controls the amount of sugar in the blood
  • When food is digested and enters your bloodstream, insulin moves glucose out of the blood and into cells, where it’s broken down to produce energy
  • Diabetics are unable to break down glucose into energy (due to either a lack of insulin or not being able to produce it)
44
Q

What are some risks for type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Overweight or obesity
  • Unhealthy diet
  • Family history or type 2 diabetes
  • Asian, Black African or African Caribbean origin
  • Prolonged medications like steroids
  • High blood pressure
  • Gestational diabetes
45
Q

Diabetes can cause…

A
  • Damage to micro-vessels
  • Peripheral neuropathy, no sensation
  • Ulcers develop due to trauma, infection often ensues
  • Arterial blood supply is reduced
  • Ulcer becomes chronic with bouts of acute infection leading to loss of digits/foot/limb
46
Q

What are the 6 stages of the diabetic foot?

A

Stage 1 - Normal
Stage 2 - High Risk
Stage 3 - Ulcerated
Stage 4 - Cellulitic
Stage 5 - Necrotic
Stage 6 - Major Amputation

47
Q

What can diabetic foot disease lead to?

A
  • Chronic wounds
  • Critical limb ischaemia
  • Acute on chronic limb ischaemia
  • Loss of structural integrity
  • Necrosis

Physiotherapy (32 decks)

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