Key Words Flashcards
Anoxia
the absence of oxygen in an area
Autonomic nervous system
part of the nervous system responsible for the control of functions that aren’t under conscious control
Benign
not harmful, non-cancerous
Cistern
a channel or tubule in the cell
Cytology
the study of cells
Diploid
having 2 complete sets of chromosomes per cell
Enzyme
a protein that speeds up the rate of a reaction without itself being used in the reaction
Equilibrium
balance
Gene
the basic unit of genetic material
Haploid
having one complete set of chromosomes per cell
Histology
the study of tissues
Homeostasis
the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment
Hydrophilic
water-loving
Hydrophobic
water-hating
Hypoxia
a lack, or deficiency, of oxygen in an area
Ischemia
a reduced or inadequate blood supply to an area
Kinetic energy
the energy of motion
Malignant
cells are dividing abnormally or uncontrollably, cancerous
Metabolism
the changes that take place within the body to enable its growth and function
Phagocytosis
the engulfment and destruction of microbes, cell debris, and foreign matter by phagocytes, which are a type of white blood cell
Solvent
a liquid in which a solid is dissolved
Somatic
any cell except the reproductive cells
Vacuole
a space within the cytoplasm of a cell that contains material take in by the cell
Vesicle
a small, fluid-filled sac
Arthrology
the study of joints
Articulation
the point of contact between 2 bones (commonly called a joint)
Cartilage
a resilient, strong connective tissue
Demineralisation
the process through which minerals (like Ca and P) are lost from the bones
Hemopoiesis
the production of blood cells and platelets
Kinesiology
the study of the motion of the body
Ligament
a tough band of connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
Osseous tissue
bone tissue
Ossification
the process of bone formation
Osteology
the study of the structure and function of bones
Process
a bony projection or prominence
Remodelling
the process through which new bone tissue replaces old, worn out, or injured bone tissue
Tendon
a tough band of connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones
Action potential
an electrical charge that occurs on the membrane of a muscle cell in response to a nerve impulse
Aerobic
requiring oxygen
Agonist
the muscle responsible for causing a movement (prime mover)
Anaerobic
not requiring oxygen
Antagonist
- the muscle that opposes the movement caused by a prime mover
- it relaxes and lengthens in a controlled way to ensure movement is performed smoothly by the prime mover
Aponeurosis
a flat, sheet-like tendon that attaches muscle to bone, to skin, or another muscle
Atony
the lack of muscle tone
Atrophy
the wasting away of muscles
Autorhythmic cells
muscle or nerve cells that generate an impulse without an external stimulus (i.e. they’re self-excitable)
Conductivity
the ability of muscle cells to move action potentials along their plasma membranes
Contractility
the ability of muscles to contract and shorten
Depression (of the shoulders)
dropping of the shoulders downward
Elasticity
the ability of muscles to return to their original shape after contracting or extending
Elevation (of the shoulders)
lifting the shoulders upwards
Excitability
the ability of the muscles or nerve cells to respond to stimuli
Extensibility
the ability of the muscles to extend and lengthen
Fascia
connective tissue that surrounds and protects organs, lines walls of the body, holds muscles together, and separates muscles
Fatigue (of muscles)
a muscle’s inability to respond to stimulus or maintain contractions
Fibrosis
the replacement of connective tissue by scar tissue
Fixators
muscles that stabilise the bone of the prime mover’s origin so that it can act efficiently (stabilisers)
Glycolysis
the cellular process through which glucose is split into pyruvic acid and ATP
Hypertonia
an increase in muscle tone (hypertonic muscles)
Insertion
the point where muscle attaches to the moving bone of a joint
Irritability
the ability of muscles or nerve cells to respond to stimuli
Myoglobin
a protein that binds with oxygen and carries it to the muscle cells
Myology
a study of muscles
Origin
the point where a muscle attaches to a stationary bone of a joint
Prime mover
the muscle responsible for causing a movement (agonist)
Protraction
a forward movement of the shoulder or mandible on a plane parallel to the ground
Retraction
a backward movement on a plane parallel to the ground (the opposite of protraction)
Stabilisers
muscles that stabilise the bone of the prime mover’s origin so that it can act efficiently (fixators)
Striated
having the appearance of light and dark bands, or striations
Synergists
muscles that help the prime mover
Tendon
a strong cord of dense connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones, to the skin, or to other muscles
Thermogenesis
the generation of heat in the body
Tone (tonus)
the partial contraction of a resting muscle
Apoptosis
the normal, ordered death and removal of cells as part of tissue development, maintenance, and renewal
Endocrine glands
- ductless glands that secrete substances into the extracellular space around their cells
- these secretions then diffuse into blood capillaries and are transported by the blood to target cells located throughout the body
Endocrinology
the study of the endocrine glands and the hormones they secrete
Exocrine glands
glands that secrete substances into ducts that carry the substances into the body cavities or to the outer surface of the body
Gonads
sex organs that produce mature sex cells
Hormone
a chemical messenger that regulates cellular activity and is produced by an endocrine gland and transported in the blood
Hypersecretion
over- or excessive secretion
Hyposecretion
under-secretion
Antibody
a specialised protein that is synthesised to destroy a specific antigen
Antigen
any substance that the body recognises as foreign
Inflammation
the body’s response to tissue damage
Lymphocyte
a type of white blood cell involved in immunity (B and T cells are types)
Macrophage
a scavenger cell that engulfs and destroys microbes
Metastasis
the spread of cancer from its site of origin
Microbe (microorganism)
an organism that is too small to be seen by the naked eye (including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and some fungi)
Pathogen
a disease-causing microorganism
Phagocyte
a cell that is able to engulf and digest microbes (include macrophages and some types of white blood cell)
Fertilisation
the union and fusion of an ovum and a spermatozoon to form a zygote
Gamete
a mature sex cell (spermatozoon or ovum)
Lactation
the secretion of milk by the mammary glands
Meiosis
reproductive cell division in which 4 haploid daughter cells are produced
Menopause
the time in a woman’s life when she stops menstruating and ovulating, and is no longer able to bear children
Oogenesis
the production of mature ova in the ovaries
Ova (ovum = singular)
mature female sex cells
Puberty
the time of life when people become capable of reproducing children and their bodies develop secondary sexual characteristics
Semen (seminal fluid)
fluid containing sperm and a mixture of fluids secreted by the reproductive glands
Spermatogenesis
the production of spermatozoa in the testes
Spermatozoa (spermatozoon = singular)
mature male sex cells
Kinesiology
= study of motion of the body
Aetiology
= the cause of a specific disease
Pathology
the study of disease, including its causes, effects and progression
Incidence
the number of new cases of a disease that occur in a population over a specific period of time
Prevalence
a measure of the total number of cases of a disease in a population at a given time; it includes both new and pre-existing cases
Diagnosis
the process of identifying a disease, condition or injury from its signs and symptoms
Prognosis
prediction of the likely course of a disease, including the chance of recovery, recurrence, or death
Pathogenesis
focuses on the origin, development and underlying causes of a disease
Pathophysiology
delves into the physiology changes that occur as a result of the disease process
Signs
an objective indication and evidence of a disease
Symptoms
a person’s subjective experience that may indicate a disease or condition
Disease
a specific medical condition
Illness
a disease or period of sickness affecting the body or mind
Condition
the general term indicating a state of health(e.g.: well, ill, stable, critical); sometimes used in place of disease or disorder
Disorder
a group of symptoms that disrupts normal physical or mental functions (also referred to as functional abnormalities or disturbances)
Syndrome
a group of symptoms that occur together and may covary over time (e.g.: AIDS)
Disability
a restriction that results from an impairment
Impairment
a loss or abnormality in a person’s body or mind
Hemopoiesis
the production of blood cells and platelets
Metastasis
spread of cancer from its site of origin
Validity
how accurate something is in measuring what it was intended to measure
Reliability
how repeatable the test and results are
Sensitivity
the ability of the test to correctly detect the presence of a disease in individuals who have the disease (True- positive)
Specificity
the ability of the test to correctly detect the absence of a disease in individuals who don’t have the disease (True-negative)
Arthrogenic
- Joint
- Bones
- Ligaments
Myogenic
- Muscles
- Tendons
Neurogenic
- Referred from lumbar spine
- Peripheral nerves
- Morton’s neuroma
Masquerader.
a condition which is not what it seems or presents as another condition
Red flag
a possible indicator of serious pathology
Serious pathology
clinical concern of potential condition which needs urgent or prompt medical assessment.
Red herring
a misleading biomedical or psychosocial factor that can lead to incorrect clinical reasoning
What does THREADS stand for?
- Thyroid
- Heart [including blood pressure]
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Epilepsy
- Asthma
- Diabetes
- Steroids or Surgery
Define Strength.
the ability of the muscle to exert a maximum force at a specified velocity
What are forces measured in?
Newtons = Kg x gravity
Define Power.
the force exerted multiplied by the velocity of the movement
What is power measured in?
Watts = force (or torque) x velocity
Define Endurance.
the ability to sustain an activity for extended periods of time or the ability to resist fatigue
What are orange flags?
Psychiatric symptoms
What are yellow flags?
- Beliefs, appraisals + judgements
- Emotional responses
- Pain behaviour (including pain + coping strategies)
What are blue flags?
Perceptions about the relationship between work + health
What are black flags?
System or contextual obstacles
What is mobilisation vs ambulation?
Mobilisation = Movement of limb (not necessarily walking)
Ambulation = Walking
Osteology
= study of bone
Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels
