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Physiotherapy > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

How much more common is depression for those with persistent pain?

A

4x more common

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2
Q

What % of people with chronic pain will have another significant medical problem (i.e.: a co-morbidity)?

A

87%

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3
Q

What is pain?

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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4
Q

Noxious

A

poisonous or harmful

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5
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

heightened pain intensity as a response to noxious stimuli

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6
Q

Analgesia

A

absence of pain or inability to feel pain

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7
Q

Dysaesthesia

A

abnormal sensation felt when touched, caused by damage to peripheral nerves

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8
Q

Paraesthesia

A

abnormal sensation with no apparent physical cause (e.g.: tingling, pricking, chilling, burning or numb sensation)

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9
Q

Allodynia

A

innocuous (harmless) stimuli cause pain

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10
Q

Hyperpathia

A

exaggerated responses to painful stimuli

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11
Q

What is the physiology of pain?

A
  1. An irritation or injury is detected in the peripheral nervous system by special nerves (nociceptors).
  2. A nerve impulse is then generated, sending a pain impulse towards the CNS.
  3. The message is received by the brain where the extent and significance of the irritation or injury is interpreted, and pain is sensed.
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12
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

free nerve endings present in every tissue in the body except for the brain, which are activated by noxious stimuli

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13
Q

What are examples of noxious stimuli?

A
  • Thermal: severe heat or cold
  • Mechanical: trauma, disease, injury, hypoxia, ulceration, infection, peripheral nerve damage, inflammation, ischaemia
  • Chemical: histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, which are released due to tissue damage and inflammation
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14
Q

What are the 3-linked neurones that make up the ascending pathway of pain?

A
  • First-order neurons
  • Second-order neurons
  • Third-order neurons
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15
Q

What are first-order neurons?

A

travel from the nociceptors to the spine

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16
Q

What are second-order neurons?

A

travel upwards through the spinal cord towards the thalamus in the brain

17
Q

What are third-order neurons?

A

run from the thalamus to the somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

18
Q

How is line communication maintained?

A

by neurotransmitters (such as Substance P + Serotonin)

19
Q

What is the purpose of the descending pathway of pain?

A

to inhibit the sensation of pain

20
Q

How is pain sensation inhibited?

A

special neuropeptides with analgesic properties are released, which bind with opiate receptors, present throughout the CNS and block the action of neurotransmitter Substance P

21
Q

What are the 4 major categories of opiate receptor?

A
  • mu (πœ‡)
  • π‘˜π‘Žπ‘π‘π‘Ž
  • π‘ π‘–π‘”π‘šπ‘Ž
  • delta.
22
Q

What are the (3) ascending tracts of the spinal cord transmission pathway?

A
  • Spinothalamic
  • Spinoreticular
  • Dorsal column - medial lemniscal system
23
Q

What nerves are used to carry sensation from the head and oral cavity (trigeminal system)?

A
  • Trigeminal nerve
  • Facial nerve
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Vagus nerve
24
Q

What are the (3) classifications of pain duration?

A
  • Transient
  • Acute
  • Chronic
25
Q

What are the (3) classifications of pain type?

A
  • Nociceptive
  • Inflammatory
  • Neuropathic
26
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

detection of a noxious stimulus by nociceptors (C fibre)
- e.g.: mechanical, inflammatory, ischemic

27
Q

What is inflammatory pain?

A

pain signalling & transmission behaviour in the presence of an inflammatory process

28
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

a specific type of pain which results from damage to the signalling & transmission of neurons both within and outside of the CNS

29
Q

What is peripheral sensitisation?

A

caused by multiple chemical mediators from nerve tissue damage and inflammatory response

30
Q

What is central sensitisation?

A

change in the sensitivity of the spinal cord synapses in the dorsal horn and upstream through the nervous system to the cortex

31
Q

What are the (4) different sources of nociception?

A
  • Cutaneous (superficial somatic)
  • Deep somatic (bone, tendon + joint)
  • Visceral (internal organs)
  • Referred pain
32
Q

Describe transient pain characteristics?

A
  • Short duration
  • No significant consequence
  • Don’t seek medical attention
    e.g: stubbed toe or cut finger
33
Q

Describe acute pain characteristics?

A
  • Severe sudden onset, but is intense and can be intolerable
  • Could be associated to medical condition or injury
  • Brain response is to achieve homeostasis by initiating autonomic response
34
Q

Describe chronic (persistent) pain characteristics?

A
  • Continues even though healing is complete
  • No autonomic response
  • Considered a β€˜syndrome’ or medical condition in its own right
35
Q
A

Physiotherapy (39 decks)

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