Elbow Flashcards
What type of joint is an elbow joint?
synovial uniaxial hinge joint
What movements are available at the elbow joint?
flexion & extension
What movements are available at the radioulnar joint?
supination & pronation
How do men and women’s carrying angle differentiate at the elbow?
Men = 10-15 degrees
Women = 20-25 degrees
What is the purpose of the carrying angle of the elbow
permits the forearm to clear the hips in swinging movements during walking and is important when carrying objects
Does stability of the elbow increase or decrease with flexion?
increase
What is the expected ROM at the elbow during active and passive flexion?
Active = 145 degrees
Passive = 160 degrees
What is the expected ROM at the elbow during extension?
0 degrees
What muscles are involved in elbow flexion?
- biceps brachii
- brachialis
- brachioradialis
- pronator teres
What is the origin of the short and long head of the biceps brachii muscle?
Short = Coracoid process
Long = Lip of glenoid fossa
What is the insertion of the biceps brachii muscle?
Radial tuberosity
What is the origin of the brachialis muscle?
distal half of anterior surface of humerus
What is the insertion of the brachialis muscle?
coronoid process
What is the origin of the brachioradialis muscle?
lateral ridge of distal humerus
What is the insertion of the brachioradialis muscle?
lateral surface of distal radius near the styloid process
What muscles are involved in the extension of the elbow?
- triceps brachii
- anconeus
What is the origin of the anconeus muscle?
lateral epicondyle
What is the insertion of the anconeus muscle?
lateral side of olecranon process
What is the origin of the long, lateral, and medial heads of triceps brachii muscle?
Long = infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Lateral = posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove
Medial = posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove
What is the insertion of the triceps brachii muscle?
olecranon process of ulna and fascia of forearm
Where is the cubital lymph node found?
lies above the medial epicondyle of humerus
When is pronation and supination most powerful?
when the elbow is flexed to 90 degrees
What is the ROM for pronation?
85 degrees
What is the ROM for supination?
85 degrees
What is the end feel for both pronation and supination?
firm
What are some examples of common pathologies in the elbow?
- Lateral elbow tendinopathy
- Medial elbow tendinopathy
- Biceps tendon rupture
- Olecranon bursitis
- Olecranon fracture
- Monteggia fracture-dislocation of proximal ulna
- Galeazzi fracture-dislocation of distal 3rd of radius with dislocation of distal R-U joint
- Elbow arthroplasty
- Annular ligament tear resulting from traction dislocation in children
- Bowing fracture of the radius in children
Why is the inferior radioulnar joint stable?
- articular disk
- interosseous membrane
- pronator quadratus
What movement occurs at the radioulnar joint?
pronation and supination
(rotation of the lower end of the radius around the head of the ulna)
Where does the intra-articular disc attach from and to?
Attaches from:
- lateral side of base of styloid process
Attaches to:
- inferior edge of ulnar notch
What are the (2) muscles involved in pronation?
- pronator teres
- pronator quadratus
What are the (3) muscles involved in supination?
- biceps brachii
- brachioradialis
- supinator
What are (2) superior radioulnar joint ligaments?
- annular ligament
- quadrate ligament
Where does the annular ligament attach to?
anterior and posterior margins of radial notch of the ulna
What does the annular ligament allow in the elbow?
allows the oval head of the radius to rotate freely over the ulna during pronation/supination
What is the annular ligament superiorly supported by?
the radial collateral ligament
What is the quadrate ligament attaches to?
from lower border of radial notch of the ulna to medial surface of neck of radius proximal to radial tuberosity
What is the quadrate ligament strengthened by?
the lower borders of the annular ligament
What are the innervations of the elbow joint?
Anteriorly:
- musculocutaneous nerve
- medial nerve
- radial nerve
Posteriorly:
- ulnar nerve
- radial nerve
What muscles are involved in in elbow extension?
- triceps brachii
- anconeus
What is the origin of the anconeus muscle?
lateral epicondyle
Where is the insertion of the anconeus?
lateral side of olecranon process
What action is produced by the anconeus muscle?
extension of elbow
What is the origin of the long, lateral & medial heads of the triceps brachii?
Long head:
- infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Lateral head:
- posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove
Medial head:
- posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove
Where is the insertion of the triceps brachii?
olecranon process of ulna and fascia of forearm
What action is produced by the triceps brachii?
extension
What is the innervation of the triceps brachii?
radial nerve (C6, C7 + C8)
What muscles are involved in in elbow flexion?
- biceps brachii
- brachialis
- brachioradialis
- pronator teres
What are the origins of the short & long heads of the biceps brachii?
Short head:
- Coracoid process
Long head:
- Lip of glenoid fossa
Where is the insertion of the biceps brachii?
radial tuberosity
What is the origin of the brachialis?
Distal half of anterior surface of humerus
Where is the insertion of the brachialis muscle?
Coronoid process
What is the origin of the brachioradialis muscle?
Lateral ridge of distal humerus
Where is the insertion of the brachioradialis muscle?
Lateral surface of distal radius near the styloid process
What are the attachments of the radial collateral ligament?
Proximal:
- lateral epicondyle (2 bands)
Distal:
- anterior band + posterior band, both to annular ligament and radial notch
What are the attachments of the ulnar collateral ligament?
Proximal:
- Medial epicondyle (3 bands)
Distal attachment:
- Anterior band: Coronoid process and CFO
- Posterior Band: Olecranon process
- Interior band: Between 2 other bands
