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Physiotherapy > Cardiac Pathologies > Flashcards

Cardiac Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What are some modifiable cardiac risk factors?

A
  • Smoking
  • Unhealthy diet
  • Obesity
  • Physical inactivity
  • Hypertension
  • Associated conditions (i.e.: diabetes)
  • Dyslipidaemia
  • Social isolation
  • Depression
  • Stress
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2
Q

What are some non-modifiable cardiac risk factors?

A
  • Age
  • Sex M>F
  • Family history
  • Poor socioeconomic status
  • Indigenous
  • Inflammation from diseases (e.g.: arthritis, lupus or infections, or inflammation of unknown cause)
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3
Q

What is a common cause of ischaemic heart disease?

A

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries

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4
Q

What is ischaemic heart disease?

A

Characterised by a relative decrease in myocardial perfusion such that perfusion is inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of the myocardium

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5
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

a chronic + progressive inflammatory disease of the cardiac endothelium

formation of plaques

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6
Q

Where are plaques most common?

A
  • Aorta
  • Coronary arteries
  • Circle of Willis
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7
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of ischaemic heart disease?

A
  • Angina (stable or unstable)
  • Acute myocardial infarction
  • Patients c/o heaviness, severe tightness or dull ache in their chest
  • May spread to arms, neck, jaw, back or stomach.
  • Shortness of breath
  • Heartburn feeling
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8
Q

What is angina?

A

a pain or discomfort felt in your chest, which is usually caused by coronary heart disease

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9
Q

When does stable angina occur?

A

When coronary perfusion fails to meet the metabolic demand
- May occur during exercise or tachycardia

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10
Q

How does stable angina typically present?

A

retrosternal pain/discomfort

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11
Q

How can stable angina be relieved?

A
  • Rest
  • Nitrate medications-Glyceryl TriNitrate (GTN) Sublingual spray
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12
Q

What is unstable angina?

A

Angina not proportional to exertion
- Can be life threatening
- Can disrupt plaque & trigger thrombosis
- Thrombosis-formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system
- Frequent or prolonged episodes of retrosternal pain at rest or with minimal exertion

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13
Q

What are (4) triggers for angina?

A
  • Cold weather
  • Emotional upset
  • Activity & Exercise
  • Eating a heavy meal
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14
Q

What are (4) common treatments for heart disease?

A
  • Statins
  • Blood thinners
  • Beta blockers
  • Lifestyle changes
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15
Q

How do statins treat heart disease?

A

Cholesterol-lowering drugs
- reduce level of plaque-forming low density lipoprotein (LDLs) in bloodstream

(lower risk of heart attack by 25%)

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16
Q

How do beta blockers treat heart disease?

A
  • Lower blood pressure
  • Reduce heart rate
    (so you need less oxygen)
17
Q

How do blood thinners treat heart disease?

A

Anti-coagulants
- prevent formation of dangerous blood clots in arteries (which could block blood flow)

18
Q

What are the risks of surgery?

A
  • Irregular heartbeat/arrythmias
  • Infection (Wound and/or systemic)
  • Bleeding
  • Adverse reaction to anaesthetic
  • Fever
  • Pain
  • Blood clot
  • Stroke
  • Heart attack
  • Death
19
Q

What is heart failure?

A

a long-term condition characterised by the inability of the heart to pump blood efficiently or properly

20
Q

What are the causes of heart failure?

A
  • Coronary artery disease
  • High BP
  • Cardiac inflammation (and long-term systemic inflammation)
  • Chronic arrythmias
  • Myocardial Infarction (MI)
  • Cardiomyopathies
  • Infections (endocarditis, pericarditis etc)
  • Valve disease/problems
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Heavy alcohol use
  • Recreational drugs
  • Chemotherapy
21
Q

What are the symptoms of heart failure?

A
  • Dyspnoea
  • Angina
  • Fatigue
  • Ankle, foot, leg and/or abdominal oedema
  • Arrythmias
  • Apnoea and sleep apnoea
  • Orthopnoea
  • Peripheral cyanosis and clubbing
  • Syncope
  • Chronic cough (with minimal expectoration or blood)
  • Decreased alertness or trouble concentrating
22
Q

How can pain effect the cardiovascular system?

A
  • increase heart rate & blood pressure
  • increased need for oxygen
  • water retention, potential fluid overload
23
Q

What are some complications of cardiac surgery?

A
  • Increased heart rate variability
  • Haemorrhage
  • Wound infection
24
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation?

A

left ventricle

25
Q

What is a likely cause of heart failure?

A

chronic hypertension

26
Q

Which symptom is most associated with a myocardial infarction?

A

crushing chest pain that may radiate to/across the left arm

27
Q

What is coronary artery disease mainly caused by?

A

accumulation of fatty plaques

28
Q

What vessel is commonly used as a graft in coronary bypass grafting (CABG) ?

A

Saphenous vein

Physiotherapy (46 decks)

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