the blood Flashcards
what system is blood associated with?
cardiovascular
what’s the function of blood?
transport of nutrients, gases, wastes and other biological molecules
which biconcave blood cells does blood contain and why are they unique?
erythrocytes
lack nuclei
what are leukocytes?
- cells with large, multilobed nuclei
- some contain abundant visible granules in their cytoplasm
what is plasma?
a fluid matrix where blood cells are suspended
function of plasma?
various types of molecules are dissolved for transport
what are the formed elements?
platelets
red blood cells
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
lymphocytes
what are the componenets of plasma?
electrolytes
water
proteins
nutrients
hormones
what are the cell fragments in the blood smear?
platelets
characteristics of red blood cell production
- erythropoietin
- developed from hematopoietic stem cells
- developed in red bone marrow
- from myeloid stem cells
characteristics of white blood cell production
- interleukins and colony stimulating factors
- develop from hematopoietic stem cells
- developed in red bone marrow
- from myeloid stem cells
- from lymphoid stem cells
characteristics of plasma production
- thrombopoietin
- develop from hematopoietic stem cells
- megakaryocytes
- develop in red bone marrow
- from myeloid stem cells
what is edema
fluid leaks into tissues
associated with plasma proteins
what is thrombosis
abnormal blood clotting
associated with platelets
what is leukocytosis
increased number of one of the formed elements
associated with wbc
what is anemia
decreased oxygen carrying ability of blood
associated with rbc
what is leukemia
cancer of leukocytes
associated with wbc
what is a bleeding disorder?
blood doesnt clot as it should
associated with plasma proteins and platelets
whats hematocrit
the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
what’s the normal value for hematocrit?
45%
what’s the normal value for red blood cell count?
5,200,000 per microliter of blood
what’s the normal value for platelet count?
300,000 per microliter of blood
what’s the normal value for white blood cell count?
6,000 per microliter of blood
which factors affect the number of red blood cells?
genetics
gender
health
what produces rbc?
bone marrow
how long is the lifespan of rbc?
3 - 4 months
what happens when rbc die?
destroyed by macrophages in the liver and spleen
releases iron (stored in liver) and bilirubin (excreted via intestines)
what are the phases of erythropoiesis?
hemocytoblast
myeloid stem cell
erythroblast
erythrocyte
what is a hemocytoblast?
the stem cell for all formed elements
what is a myeloid stem cell?
gives rise to rbcs, platelets, and some wbc
whats an erythroblast?
several phases in which hemoglobin is accumulating
what happens to the amount of oxygen entering the bloodstream of someone at high altitude compared to living at a lower altitude
amount of oxygen reduced
what do monocytes do?
Phagocytizes large particles in tissues
migrates into tissues - becomes phagocyte
what do lymphocytes do?
Provides immunity
what do basophils do?
releases histamine and heparin
release chemicals that promote inflammation
what do neutrophils do?
Phagocytizes small particles; first-responders at infection site
use respiratory burst to kill bacteria
what do eosinophils do?
moderates allergic reactions
defends against parasitic worm infections
what are the three types of proteins in plasma?
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
what is the most abundant protein in plasma?
albumins
whats the function of albumins?
determining the osmotic pressure of the plasma
transport molecules in plasma, carrying substances such as lipids, hormones, drugs
what’s the function of fibrinogens?
coagulation of blood
what is the least abundant protein in plasma?
fibrinogens
what are gamma globulins?
a class of plasma proteins produced by lymphocytes
what are plasma proteins synthesised by?
liver
what accounts for 36% of plasma proteins?
globulins
what is hemostasis?
Process that stops bleeding
what are the stages of platelet plug formation?
break in vessel wall
blood escpaes through break
platelets adhere
platelet plug
what increases the risk of blood clot formation?
Prolonged immobility
which cell type are red blood cells formed from?
Hematopoietic stem cells
which type of pressure do proteins in blood plasma contribute to?
Colloid osmotic pressure
what is a platelet plug?
A mass of platelets and trapped formed elements
What is the function of clotting factors?
To regulate coagulation
What is the diagnosis for abnormally high number of leukocytes?
Chronic leukemia
Which disease causes a change in shape of red blood cells in environments with low amounts of oxygen?
Sickle cell disease
After hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, heme decomposes into iron (which is later recycled in the bone marrow) and a greenish pigment called __________, which will later be converted into __________.
biliverdin
bilirubin
what % of blood volume do white blood cells and platelets make up?
1%
what do eosinophil target?
parasitic worms
why is having an adequate RBC count important?
ensures that tissues will receive enough oxygen to function
what happens if oxygen delivery to tissues is reduced?
the homeostatic response is to produce more red blood cells.
what happens if tissues of the kidney sense a drop in oxygen delivery?
erythropoietin is released into the bloodstream
what does erythropoietin do?
stimulates production of more RBCs in the red bone marrow. As more RBCs enter the blood, increasing the RBC count, the oxygen delivery will improve.
what mechanism of control is rbc count?
negative feedback control
which leukocytes are granulocytes?
basophil
neutrophil
eosinophil
which leukocytes are agranulocytes?
b lymphocyte
t lymphocyte
monocyte
