the blood

Question 1

what system is blood associated with?

Answer 1

cardiovascular

Question 2

what’s the function of blood?

Answer 2

transport of nutrients, gases, wastes and other biological molecules

Question 3

which biconcave blood cells does blood contain and why are they unique?

Answer 3

erythrocytes
lack nuclei

Question 4

what are leukocytes?

Answer 4

• cells with large, multilobed nuclei
• some contain abundant visible granules in their cytoplasm

Question 5

what is plasma?

Answer 5

a fluid matrix where blood cells are suspended

Question 6

function of plasma?

Answer 6

various types of molecules are dissolved for transport

Question 7

what are the formed elements?

Answer 7

platelets
red blood cells
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
lymphocytes

Question 8

what are the componenets of plasma?

Answer 8

electrolytes
water
proteins
nutrients
hormones

Question 9

what are the cell fragments in the blood smear?

Answer 9

platelets

Question 10

characteristics of red blood cell production

Answer 10

• erythropoietin
• developed from hematopoietic stem cells
• developed in red bone marrow
• from myeloid stem cells

Question 11

characteristics of white blood cell production

Answer 11

• interleukins and colony stimulating factors
• develop from hematopoietic stem cells
• developed in red bone marrow
• from myeloid stem cells
• from lymphoid stem cells

Question 12

characteristics of plasma production

Answer 12

• thrombopoietin
• develop from hematopoietic stem cells
• megakaryocytes
• develop in red bone marrow
• from myeloid stem cells

Question 13

what is edema

Answer 13

fluid leaks into tissues
associated with plasma proteins

Question 14

what is thrombosis

Answer 14

abnormal blood clotting
associated with platelets

Question 15

what is leukocytosis

Answer 15

increased number of one of the formed elements
associated with wbc

Question 16

what is anemia

Answer 16

decreased oxygen carrying ability of blood
associated with rbc

Question 17

what is leukemia

Answer 17

cancer of leukocytes
associated with wbc

Question 18

what is a bleeding disorder?

Answer 18

blood doesnt clot as it should
associated with plasma proteins and platelets

Question 19

whats hematocrit

Answer 19

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

Question 20

what’s the normal value for hematocrit?

Answer 20

45%

Question 21

what’s the normal value for red blood cell count?

Answer 21

5,200,000 per microliter of blood

Question 22

what’s the normal value for platelet count?

Answer 22

300,000 per microliter of blood

Question 23

what’s the normal value for white blood cell count?

Answer 23

6,000 per microliter of blood

Question 24

which factors affect the number of red blood cells?

Answer 24

genetics
gender
health

Question 25

what produces rbc?

Answer 25

bone marrow

Question 26

how long is the lifespan of rbc?

Answer 26

3 - 4 months

Question 27

what happens when rbc die?

Answer 27

destroyed by macrophages in the liver and spleen releases iron (stored in liver) and bilirubin (excreted via intestines)

Question 28

what are the phases of erythropoiesis?

Answer 28

hemocytoblast myeloid stem cell erythroblast erythrocyte

Question 29

what is a hemocytoblast?

Answer 29

the stem cell for all formed elements

Question 30

what is a myeloid stem cell?

Answer 30

gives rise to rbcs, platelets, and some wbc

Question 31

whats an erythroblast?

Answer 31

several phases in which hemoglobin is accumulating

Question 32

what happens to the amount of oxygen entering the bloodstream of someone at high altitude compared to living at a lower altitude

Answer 32

amount of oxygen reduced

Question 33

what do monocytes do?

Answer 33

Phagocytizes large particles in tissues migrates into tissues - becomes phagocyte

Question 34

what do lymphocytes do?

Answer 34

Provides immunity

Question 35

what do basophils do?

Answer 35

releases histamine and heparin release chemicals that promote inflammation

Question 36

what do neutrophils do?

Answer 36

Phagocytizes small particles; first-responders at infection site use respiratory burst to kill bacteria

Question 37

what do eosinophils do?

Answer 37

moderates allergic reactions defends against parasitic worm infections

Question 38

what are the three types of proteins in plasma?

Answer 38

albumins globulins fibrinogen

Question 39

what is the most abundant protein in plasma?

Answer 39

albumins

Question 40

whats the function of albumins?

Answer 40

determining the osmotic pressure of the plasma transport molecules in plasma, carrying substances such as lipids, hormones, drugs

Question 41

what's the function of fibrinogens?

Answer 41

coagulation of blood

Question 42

what is the least abundant protein in plasma?

Answer 42

fibrinogens

Question 43

what are gamma globulins?

Answer 43

a class of plasma proteins produced by lymphocytes

Question 44

what are plasma proteins synthesised by?

Answer 44

liver

Question 45

what accounts for 36% of plasma proteins?

Answer 45

globulins

Question 46

what is hemostasis?

Answer 46

Process that stops bleeding

Question 47

what are the stages of platelet plug formation?

Answer 47

break in vessel wall blood escpaes through break platelets adhere platelet plug

Question 48

what increases the risk of blood clot formation?

Answer 48

Prolonged immobility

Question 49

which cell type are red blood cells formed from?

Answer 49

Hematopoietic stem cells

Question 50

which type of pressure do proteins in blood plasma contribute to?

Answer 50

Colloid osmotic pressure

Question 51

what is a platelet plug?

Answer 51

A mass of platelets and trapped formed elements

Question 52

What is the function of clotting factors?

Answer 52

To regulate coagulation

Question 53

What is the diagnosis for abnormally high number of leukocytes?

Answer 53

Chronic leukemia

Question 54

Which disease causes a change in shape of red blood cells in environments with low amounts of oxygen?

Answer 54

Sickle cell disease

Question 55

After hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, heme decomposes into iron (which is later recycled in the bone marrow) and a greenish pigment called __________, which will later be converted into __________.

Answer 55

biliverdin bilirubin

Question 56

what % of blood volume do white blood cells and platelets make up?

Answer 56

1%

Question 57

what do eosinophil target?

Answer 57

parasitic worms

Question 58

why is having an adequate RBC count important?

Answer 58

ensures that tissues will receive enough oxygen to function

Question 59

what happens if oxygen delivery to tissues is reduced?

Answer 59

the homeostatic response is to produce more red blood cells.

Question 60

what happens if tissues of the kidney sense a drop in oxygen delivery?

Answer 60

erythropoietin is released into the bloodstream

Question 61

what does erythropoietin do?

Answer 61

stimulates production of more RBCs in the red bone marrow. As more RBCs enter the blood, increasing the RBC count, the oxygen delivery will improve.

Question 62

what mechanism of control is rbc count?

Answer 62

negative feedback control

Question 63

which leukocytes are granulocytes?

Answer 63

basophil neutrophil eosinophil

Question 64

which leukocytes are agranulocytes?

Answer 64

b lymphocyte t lymphocyte monocyte