endocrine Flashcards
homeostasis
ability to maintain a stable internal environment in spite of changes in the external or internal environmen
what does homeostasis involve
communication and coordination between the nervous system and the endocrine system
what do the glands of endocrine system secrete?
chemical substances that are collectively known as hormones
what is the function of hormones?
diffuse into the bloodstream and communicate with distant cells called target cells.
what are paracrine secretions
substances travel in the interstitial fluid and affect neighboring cells
what are autocrine secretions
chemical secretions affect only the secreting cell.
how are the chemical substances secreted from a cell and delivered to another cell
bodily fluids
what do endocrine glands secrete?
testosterone
cortisol
ADH
insulin
oxytocin
what to exocrine glands secrete?
sweat
mucus
pancreatic juice
bile
saliva
what produces antidiuretic hormone
posterior pituitary gland
how is ADH transported to target cells
through blood
Why are both the kidneys and blood vessels able to respond to ADH?
They both have target cells with ADH receptors.
function of Thyroxine
Affects metabolic processes to increase energy & growth
which gland produce thyroxine?
thyroid gland
function of Calcitonin
Decreases calcium & phosphate levels in blood
which gland produces calcitonin
thyroid gland
function of Parathyroid hormone
increases calcium & phosphate levels in blood
which gland produces parathyroid hormone
parathyroid gland
function of Epinephrine & norepinephrine
Actions are similar to the sympathetic response
which gland produces Epinephrine & norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
function of Aldosterone
Regulates electrolytes in the blood
which gland produces aldosterone
adrenal cortex
function of Cortisol
Affects glucose metabolism
which gland secretes cortisol
adrenal cortex
function of Adrenal androgens
Supplements the major sex hormones
which gland secretes adrenal androgens
adrenal cortex
function of Insulin
Decreases blood glucose levels, increases anabolic processess
which gland secretes insulin
pancreas
function of Glucagon
Increases blood glucose levels, increases catabolic processes
which gland secretes glucagon
pancreas
function of anterior lobe
regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the hormones that it produces
what hormones does posterior pituitary lobe release?
oxytocin
ADH
function of oxytocin
Affects muscle contraction of uterus & mammary glands
function of ADH
Causes kidneys to conserve water
what hormones does anterior pituitary lobe release?
growth hormone
FSH
LH
thyroid stimualting hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
prolactin
function of FSH
Stimulates development of eggs & sperm
function of LH
Controls secretions from ovaries & testes
function of thyroid stimulating hormone
Controls thyroid gland secretions
function of adrenocorticotropic hormone
Controls adrenal cortex secretions
function of prolactin
Sustains milk production after birth
function of growth hormone
Increases size and division rate of body cells
which gland sits on top of kidney
adrenal
which gland is found in pelvis
ovaries
which gland is attached to the small intestines
pancreas
which gland is found in the neck
thyroid
which gland is found in the brain
pituitary
What is the correct order of hormones released during a stress response (general adaptation syndrome)?
CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone) → ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) → cortisol
What organ controls the response to stress (general adaptation syndrome)?
Hypothalamus
what are prostaglandins
a group of compounds with powerful effects produced from a particular type of fatty acid
what type of hormone enters a cell directly?
steroid
what type of hormone has its receptor inside the cell?
steroid
what type of hormone stimulates transcription of DNA?
steroid
what type of hormone has its receptor on the cell membrane?
non steroid
what type of hormone causes metabolic changes in the cell?
steroid and non steroid hormone
how are steroid hormones classified?
hormones synthesized from cholesterol
how are amines, peptides, or proteins classified?
hormones synthesized from amino acids
what do gonadotropins do?
causes the pituitary gland to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
what type of tissue is the anterior pituitary
glandular
what is a glandular tissue?
a type of tissue that lines certain internal organs and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucous, digestive juices, and other fluids.
how is the anterior pituitary stimulated?
by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system.
what’s the role of cell bodies in the hypothalamus
synthesize hormones that pass down axons and are stored in the posterior pituitary
Where is the thymus gland located?
In the mediastinum
how are hormones regulated?
neural control -> nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones
hormonal control -> one hormone stimulates the release of another hormone
humoral control -> concentration of substance in the blood
Which organs are components of the endocrine system as they produce hormones?
pineal gland
thymus gland
reproductive organs
digestive tract
heart and kidneys
function of pineal gland
regulate circadian rhythm
What hormone is involved with the development of immunity?
thymosin
what gland produces melatonin?
pineal gland
What body systems does the parathyroid hormone target?
skeletal
urinary
digestive
What hormone is released in response to low oxygen levels in the blood due to low red-blood-cell count?
erythropoietin
