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Biomed > groups of muscles > Flashcards

groups of muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles that flex the wrist are found on the __________ side of the forearm while those that extend the wrist are found on the __________ side of the forearm.

A

anterior
posterior

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2
Q

most muscles that move the thigh have their insertions on the __________.

A

femur

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3
Q

What is the role of motor neurons in skeletal muscle function?

A

Motor neurons release neurotransmitters that stimulate muscle contraction

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4
Q

What effect does lack of motor neuron innervation have on skeletal muscle function?

A

The muscle is unable to contract.

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5
Q

What effect does lack of motor neuron innervation have on the structure of a skeletal muscle?

A

The muscle becomes smaller in size due to lack of stimulation.

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6
Q

What term describes the change in muscle structure that results from lack of innervation, use, and/or stimulation?

A

Atrophy

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7
Q

What is the role of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction?

A

It is released by the motor neuron, crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors, stimulating the muscle cell.

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8
Q

The lack of ACh in the synaptic cleft due to the effects of botulinum toxin would result in

A

lack of muscular contraction (called flaccid paralysis).

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9
Q

The entry of calcium into the axon of the neuron triggers the release of __________ from synaptic vesicles.

A

acetylcholine

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10
Q

If the acetylcholine-specific receptors were blocked at the motor end plate and acetylcholine could not bind with the receptors, what would happen?

A

An action potential would not be generated in the muscle fiber.

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11
Q

what do muscle cells use as source of energy during strenuous exercise

A

ATP present in their cytoplasm

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12
Q

how do the muscle cells produce ATP as it becomes limited?

A

muscle cells start to use creatine phosphate present in the cytoplasm

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13
Q

how is ATP produced using creatine phosphate?

A

moving a phosphate and its energy from this molecule to ADP to form new ATP.

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14
Q

other than creatine phosphate, what else is used to produce ATP

A

glucose is used as a fuel

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15
Q

how does glycolysis use glucose?

A

the anaerobic pathway uses glucose to produce 2ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

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16
Q

what happens to the pyruvic acid if there’s little or no oxygen?

A

converted to lactic acid

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17
Q

what happens to the pyruvic acid if there’s oxygen?

A

pyruvic acid molecules enter the aerobic respiration pathways

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18
Q

what happens in the aerobic respiration pathway?

A

oxidation of each glucose molecule will produce 30 ATP molecules.

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19
Q

what is the latent period of muscle?

A

the short delay (1-2 ms) rom the time when the action potential reaches the muscle until tension can be observed in the muscle

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20
Q

what is the period of contraction?

A

when the muscle is generating tension and is associated with cycling of the cross bridges

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21
Q

what is the period of relaxation?

A

muscle relaxes, relieves tension or comes back to its original length.

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22
Q

which muscle type release calcium into the cytosol when stimulated?

A

smooth and skeletal

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23
Q

which muscle type respond to hormones?

A

smooth

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24
Q

which muscle type rely on actin and myosin during contraction?

A

smooth and skeletal

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25
Q

which muscle type respond to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine?

A

smooth

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26
Q

which muscle type are slower to contract and relax than the other muscle type?

A

smooth

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27
Q

which muscle type has regularly aligned thin and thick filaments?

A

skeletal

28
Q

which muscle type can respond to neurotransmitters with inhibition of contraction?

A

smooth

29
Q

which muscle type can respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?

A

smooth and skeletal

30
Q

whats the function of skeletal muscle?

A

move bones

31
Q

whats the function of cardiac muscle?

A

pump blood

32
Q

where is skeletal muscle found?

A

attached to bone

33
Q

where is cardiac muscle found?

A

wall of the heart

34
Q

how many nuclei in skeletal muscle cells?

A

multiple

35
Q

how many nuclei in cardiac muscle cells?

A

singular

36
Q

how is skeletal muscle controlled?

A

voluntarily

37
Q

how is cardiac muscle controlled?

A

involuntarily

38
Q

where are calcium ions in skeletal muscle from?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

39
Q

where are calcium ions in cardiac muscle from?

A

extracellular fluid and sarcoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

which muscle type contains intercalated discs?

A

cardiac

41
Q

how is the skeletal muscle stimulated to contract?

A

each muscle cell needs to be stimulated by a neurotransmitter to contract

42
Q

how is the cardiac muscle stimulated to contract?

A

stimulation travels rapidly from cell to cell causing contraction

43
Q

what is an antagonist muscle?

A

the muscle that opposes that movement

44
Q

what is an agonist muscle?

A

the muscle that initiates a movement

45
Q

what is the synergist muscle?

A

additional muscles that assist the agonist

46
Q

which muscles move the head?

A

sternocleidomastoid
splenius capitis
semispinalis capitis
scalenes

47
Q

which muscles aid in mastication?

A

masseter
temporalis

48
Q

which muscles help facial expression?

A

epicranius
orbicularis oculi
orbicularis oris
buccinator
zygomaticus
platysma

49
Q

which muscle elevates the mandible?

A

masseter

50
Q

which muscle pulls head to one side + flexes neck?

A

sternocleidomastoid

51
Q

which muscle depresses the corner of the mouth?

A

platysma

52
Q

which muscle closes the mouth?

A

orbicularis oris

53
Q

which muscle compresses the cheeks?

A

buccinator

54
Q

which muscle elevates the corner of the mouth?

A

zygomaticus

55
Q

which muscle closes the eye?

A

orbicularis oculi

56
Q

which muscles raise the eyebrows?

A

frontalis
occipitalis

57
Q

whats the collective name for frontalis
and occipitalis?

A

epicranius

58
Q

which muscle is an extensor?

A

triceps brachii

59
Q

which muscle is a rotator?

A

supinator
pronator teres
pronator quadratus

60
Q

which muscle is a flexor?

A

biceps brachii
brachialis
brachioradialis

61
Q

what happens if there is an excess of acetylcholine produced?

A

increased contractility in skeletal muscles

62
Q

what happens if motor neurons fire excessively?

A

increased contractility in skeletal muscles

63
Q

what happens if there is a deficiency of acetylcholine produced?

A

reduced contractility in skeletal muscles

64
Q

what happens if there is curare poisoning that blocks acetylcholine receptors?

A

reduced contractility in skeletal muscles

65
Q

what happens if there is a botulism where toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine?

A

reduced contractility in skeletal muscles

Biomed (57 decks)

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