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Biomed > BB1720 cells, hereditary, genes > Flashcards

BB1720 cells, hereditary, genes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

cells are the smallest unit of a living organism

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2
Q

How do cells work?

A

each cell takes matter from its surroundings to perform different chemical reactions, to survive and divide.

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3
Q

How do parts of a cell differentiate?

A

different parts of each cell have different chemical environments.

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4
Q

What’s the difference between individual cells in an organism?

A

cells differ in size, shape and response depending on their age, location and external stimuli.

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5
Q

What is genetics?

A

the study of genes, the genome and inheritance

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6
Q

What are genes?

A

the segment of a DNA sequence that codes for one specific, functional protein.

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7
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

the process by which the division of the cell forms two identical daughter cells

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8
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

the fusion of two gametes to form a zygote

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9
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

greater diversity and a higher chance of survival

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10
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • has the ability to rapidly increase a population
  • only requires one parent
    more time and energy efficient
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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • takes more time
  • favourable genetics may not be passed onto offspring
  • fewer offspring produced
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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • no variation in a population
  • disease could affect whole population
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13
Q

Which organisms produce sexually?

A

multicellular organisms

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14
Q

How do human cells reproduce?

A

asexually

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15
Q

Who is Gregor Mendel?

A

a scientist that studied inheritance through breeding pea plants by breeding true and cross breeding
his first discovery was published in 1866

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16
Q

What was Gregor Mendel’s discovery?

A
  • Gametes are haploid and the zygote inherits equal alleles from each parent.
  • Each organism carries two alleles for each gene which are either heterozygous or homozygous
17
Q

What is homozygous?

A

a diploid contains two identical alleles of a gene.

18
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

a diploid contains two different allels of a gene.

19
Q

Why is it important to distinguish which genes are heterozygous and which are homozygous?

A

several genetic diseases occur due to a dominant or recessive allele.

20
Q

What is codominance?

A

no allele can block the expression of the other allele, therefore both alleles are expressed.

21
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

a dominant allele doesnt completely mask the effects of a recessive allele, therefore a mixture of the alleles in the genotype is expressed.

22
Q

What is a common feature of cells?

A

All cells are hereditary

23
Q

How can cells replicate their hereditary DNA

A

through template polymerisation

23
Q

What does it mean for a cell to be hereditary?

A

their physical and mental characteristics are passed down generationally through DNA during cell division

24
Q

Why is protein synthesis important?

A

DNA is made into functioning proteins for specific chemical reactions.

25
Q

What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis?

A

transcription
translation

26
Q

What is the importance of transcription?

A

segments of DNA are used as templates to synthesise RNA - to make different types of RNA. mRNA (makes proteins), catalytic RNA (break and forms covalent bonds in RNA) and structural RNA.

27
Q

What is the importance of translation?

A

mRNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides to form proteins

28
Q

Where are proteins modified in a cell?

A

cytoplasm, Golgi, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and trans-Golgi network.

29
Q

Where are proteins made in a cell?

A

cytoplasm, the mitochondria and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

30
Q

which organelles in a cell have a double membrane?

A

mitochondria
nucleus

31
Q

Which organelle(s) in a cell contains DNA?

A

mitochondria
nucelus

32
Q

Where are proteins made in the cell?

A

cytoplasm
mitochondria
rough endoplasmic reticulum

33
Q

Where are proteins modified in a cell?

A

cytoplasm
golgi
mitochondria
rough endoplasmic reticulum
trans golgi network

34
Q

features of mitochondria?

A

power plant of the cell
produce atp
were once bacteria

Biomed (57 decks)

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