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Biomed > BB1701 integumentary system > Flashcards

BB1701 integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

what is an organ?

A

multiple tissues with similar structures that work together to perform a specialised function

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2
Q

what is the largest organ in the integumentary system?

A

the skin (cutaneous membrane)

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3
Q

what are the two important layers of the skin?

A

epidermis
dermis

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4
Q

which tissues in the skin are most important?

A

epithelial
connective

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5
Q

what is the epidermis?

A
  • outer layer of the skin
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6
Q

what is the epidermis composed of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

what are the four layers of the epidermis?

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of the stratum basale?

A
  • the deepest layer
  • contains a thin layer of dividing cells
  • nourished by blood vessels of the dermis
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9
Q

what are the characteristics of the stratum corneum?

A
  • the outermost/superficial layer
  • consists of layers of dead, flattened, dehydrated, densely packed, keratinised cells
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10
Q

what causes epidermal cells to die?

A

blocked blood supply

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11
Q

where is the stratum lucidum located?

A

on the hairless and thickened skin
palms, soles

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12
Q

role of desmosomes in the epidermal layers/strata?

A

hold together keratinocytes

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13
Q

function of epidermis?

A
  • protective
  • shields moist underlying tissues against excess water loss, mechanical injury and harmful chemicals
  • keep out pathogens
  • epidermal cell production in the stratum basale balance loss and shedding of dead cells
  • allow thickness to remain constant
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14
Q

what happens as new epidermal cells are produced?

A

keratinocytes are pushed from the dermis towards the skin surface
they die as nutrient supply is poorer
keratinisation

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15
Q

what is keratinization?

A
  • process where epidermal cells harden
  • cytoplasm fills with strands of tough, fibrous, waterproof keratin
    layers of the keratinised cells gather and shed in the stratum corneum
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16
Q

what is the dermis?

A

inner layer of the skin
thicker than epidermis

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17
Q

function of dermis?

A

binds the epidermis to underlying tissues
dermal blood vessels supply nutrients to all skin cells
vessels regulate body temperature

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18
Q

what is the dermis composed of?

A

areolar connective tissue
connective tissue

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19
Q

what does the connective tissue include?

A

collagen fibres
elastic fibres with gel like ground substances
smooth muscle tissue
nervous tissue
blood

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20
Q

function of connective tissue?

A

bind epidermis to subcanteous layer

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21
Q

function of collagen?

A

strength

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22
Q

function of elastic fibres?

A

ability to stretch

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23
Q

function of blood?

A

bring oxygen and nutrients to cells

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24
Q

function of nerve tissue?

A

detection of changes

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25
Q

function of smooth muscle tissue?

A

allow hair and hair follicles to change position

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26
Q

which accessory structures does the dermis contain?

A

hair follicles
sebaceous glands
sweat glands

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27
Q

what is the dermal papillae?

A
  • uneven boundary between epidermis and dermis
  • extends into spaces between ridges
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28
Q

how is dermal papillae formed?

A

due to epidermal ridges projecting inwards and conical projections of dermis

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29
Q

where is dermal papillae found?

A

skin
hands and feet

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30
Q

what is the role of epidermal ridges?

A

leave patterned impression (fingerprint)

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31
Q

what determines a fingerprint?

A

genes
the fetus pressing against the uterine wall

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32
Q

what separates the epidermis and dermis?

A

a basement membrane by anchoring the epidermis to the dermis

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33
Q

what is the subcutaneous layer?

A

is beneath the dermis
composed of areolar and adipose tissue

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34
Q

function of the subcutaneous layer

A

bind skin to deeper organs
insulates body from heat loss
supplies skin with major blood vessels for nutrient and oxygen delivery

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35
Q

features of epithelial tissue

A
  • cover body surface, and line internal organs
  • secrete portions of glands
  • lacks blood cells
  • continuously replaced
  • readily divide
  • closely packed
  • single or multiple layers
  • contain an apical surface
  • contain lateral surface, which communicates with other cells
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36
Q

function of epithelial tissue

A

protection
secretion
absorption
excretion

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37
Q

types of epithelium tissue

A

simple squamous
simple cuboidial
simple columnar
stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
pseudostratifed columnar
transitional

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38
Q

features of simple squamous epithelium

A
  • single layer
  • thin flattened cells
  • cells fit tightly together
  • nuclei are broad and thin
    line alveoli
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39
Q

features of simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • single layer
  • cube shaped cells
  • central, spherical nuclei
  • cells arent elongated
    covers ovaries
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40
Q

features of simple columnar epithelium

A
  • single layer
  • elongated nuclei
  • oval nuclei
  • nuclei in middle of cell
  • taller > wide
    goblet cells
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41
Q

features of stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • many cell layers
  • tissues relatively thick
  • cells divide in deeper layers
  • flatter cells on the surface
  • bottom layer is cuboid
  • stem cells
    epidermis
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42
Q

features of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • 2-3 layers
  • cuboidal cells
  • form lining of lumen
  • provide protection
    lines ducts of mammary glands
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43
Q

features of pseudostratified columnar

A
  • not layered
  • nuclei lie at 2+ levels in the row
  • cilia
  • lie on basal membrane
    line passage of respiratory system
44
Q

features of transitional epithelium

A
  • change in response to increased tension
  • expands
    form inner lining of urinary bladder
45
Q

features of connective tissue

A
  • widely distributed throughout body
  • rich blood supply
  • highly vascularised
  • cells further apart
  • extracellular cells due to matric
46
Q

function of connective tissue

A

bind
support
protect
fill spaces
store fat
produce blood cells

47
Q

main connective tissues

A

adipose
areolar
blood
bone
bone marrow

48
Q

features and functions of areolar tissue

A

binds organs
beneath skin and epithelial tissues
between muscles

49
Q

features and functions of adipose tissue

A

protection
insulation
store fat
beneath skin
around kidneys
behind eyeballs
on heart surface

50
Q

features and functions of bone marrow/ hyaline cartilage

A

supports
protects
framework
end of bones
nose
walls of respiratory passages
flexible

51
Q

features and functions of bone

A

suports
protects
framework
bones of skeleton
solid because of positions of salts in membrane

52
Q

features and functions of blood

A

transport
maintain homeostasis
whole body within closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers
abundant matrix

53
Q

what are melanocytes?

A

specialised cells which produce and store melanin within melanosomes

54
Q

where are melanocytes loaced?

A

deepest portion of epidermis

55
Q

what is melanin?

A
  • pigment that provides skin colour
  • protects skin cells from mutation in DNA
56
Q

which types of melanin determine colour?

A

eumelanin
pheomelanin

57
Q

which colour does eumelanin produce?

A

brown black

58
Q

which colour does pheomelanin produce?

A

red yellow

59
Q

what determines the darkness of skin colour?

A
  • the more melanin , the darker the skin
  • distribution and size of melanin
  • genetics
  • disease
  • environmental and physiological factors
60
Q

how does sunglight, uv and xray affect melanin?

A
  • darken melan in granules
  • stimulate more melanin production
61
Q

how can diet affect melanin?

A

high colourful foods rich in carotene can turn skin orange as carotene builds up in stratum corneum and adipose tissues

62
Q

how does melanin protect skin cells from mutations in DNA?

A

melanin granules lie over the top of the nucleus and absorb UV in sunlight

63
Q

how does melanin work?

A

melanin granules are transferred into neighbouring cells by cytocrine secretion, which darkens cells

64
Q

functions of integumentary system?

A
  • protection and touch
  • vitamin d production
  • temperature regulation
  • healing wounds
65
Q

what features of the integumentary system provide protection?

A
  • epidermis is a waterproof protective barried, which keeps microorganisms out
  • melanocytes produce melanin which provide protection from UV
  • sensory receptors in nerves in the skin
66
Q

how does integumentary system provide sense of touch

A

sensory receptors
detect pressure, change in temperature and pain

67
Q

how is vitamin d produced + why?

A

by skin cells
necessary for bone and tooth development

68
Q

forms of vitamin D

A
  • inactive form, cholecalciferol when exposed to sunlight
  • cholecalciferol is modified to active form, calcitriol in livewr and kidneys
69
Q

how are shallow breaks in the skin healed?

A

epithelial cells alone the margin divide more rapidly
newly formed cells fill the gap

70
Q

what happens when an injury extends into the dermis or subcutaneous layer?

A
  • blood vessels break
  • blood released forms a clot which combines with dried tissue, forming a scab
  • fibroblasts migrate to the wound and secrete collagen fibres, which bind to the edges of the wound
  • blood vessels extend beneath the scab
  • phagocytic cells remove dead cells
  • damaged tissue is replaced, scab is removed
  • more collagen fibres are produced which form a scar
71
Q

function of scab

A

cover and protect underlying tissues

72
Q

what happens in large open wounds

A

granulations develop in exposed tissues
some blood vessels are resorbed
fibroblasts move away
leaves a scar

73
Q

what is a granulation?

A
  • small rounded masses
  • consist of new branch of blood vessels
  • contain collagen secreting fibroblasts, nourished by vessle
74
Q

how does the tissue respond to inflammation?

A

blood vessels dilate
increase metabolic activity

75
Q

why do blood vessels dilate when inflammation occurs?

A

increases blood vessel permeability
brings more fluid to the area
brings more blood containing oxygen, nutrients and phagocytes

76
Q

what is hair?

A

composed of dead epithelial cells
present on almost al skin surfaces
develops from a group of stem cells at the base of hair follicle

77
Q

what is the hair follicle?

A
  • contains hair root which extends from the surface into subcutaneous layer
  • hair bulb is deepest portion of hair root at the base of the follicle
  • hair matrix lies within the bulb
78
Q

what is the hair matrix?

A

growth region
composed of epithelial cells
nourished from dermal vessels in a projection of connective tissue

79
Q

what happens to the hair follicle

A

older cells become keratinised and move towards surface after epithelial cells divide and grow

80
Q

how’s hair shaft formed

A

remains from keratinised cells
extends outwards

81
Q

what determines the characteristics of hair

A

genes
arrector pilli muscles

82
Q

how do genes determine hair colour?

A
  • abundance and type of pigment epidermal melanocytes produce
  • dark hair has more eumelanin
  • light hair has more pheomelanin
83
Q

how do arrector pilli muscles contribute to hair characteristics

A

formed by smooth muscle cells
positioned so a short hair within the follicle stands on the end when the muscle contracts
stimulated by emotions or the nervous system

84
Q

purpose of the nail?

A

protective covering
consist of nail plate which overlies the nail bed

85
Q

features of nail

A

nail bed
nail plate
lunula

86
Q

how is the nail bed formed

A
  • produced by specialised epithelial cells which are continuous with the
  • epithelium of the skin
    thin layer of skin under the hardened nail plate
87
Q

what is the lunula and where is it located?

A
  • at the base of the nail plate
  • most actively growing region due to stem cells
88
Q

why is the lunula pale?

A

because of pressure of nail on the nail bed

89
Q

what happens to keratinized cells?

A

keratinized scales become part of the nail plate and push it forward over the nail bed
- the keratin is harder than usual epidermal stratum corneum keratin

90
Q

What can influence the appearance of nails?

A

genetics
injury
deficiencies in nutrition
disease
aging

91
Q

how can disease affect the appearance of nails?

A
  • carbon monoxide poisoning can cause a red lunula
  • liver disease may cause a yellow lunula
92
Q

how can age affect the appearance of nails?

A

nails become more thin because cell division slows with age

93
Q

types of glands

A

sebaceous glands
sweat
- merocrine
- apocrine
- ceruminous
- female mammary

94
Q

features of sebaceous glands

A
  • contains groups of specialised epithelial cells
  • holocrine glands
  • their cells produce globules of fatty material
95
Q

function of fatty material globules in sebaceous glands

A
  • accumulate, swell and burst cells
  • sebum moves through small ducts into follicles and keeps hair and skin soft, pliable and waterproof
96
Q

disorders associated with sebaceous glands?

A

cradle cap
acne

97
Q

what is cradle cap

A

overactive sebaceous glands secrete too much sebum
causes pinkish plaques on the scalp that form greasy yellow crust

98
Q

what is acne

A

overactive and inflamed glands become plugged
produce blackheads of surrounded by pimples

99
Q

features of sweat glands?

A
  • exocrine
  • narrow lumen
  • consist of tiny ball shaped coil tube in deeper dermis/superficial subcutaneous layer
  • coiled portion closed at deep end
  • lined with sweat secreting epithelial cells
100
Q

features of merocrine sweat glands

A

respond to body temp changes or emotional stress
on forehead, neck, back
produce profuse sweat
carried away by pore

101
Q

what is sweat?

A

composed of mostly water, salt, urea, uric acid
excretory function

102
Q

feature of apocrine sweat gland

A
  • during puberty
  • secrete by exocytosis
  • in axillary regions and groin
  • ducts open into hair follicles
  • secrete protein and lipids, within sweat
  • body odor produced
103
Q

when is body odor produced

A

when metabolised by skin bacteria

104
Q

features of ceruminous glands

A

external ear canal
secrete earwax

105
Q

feature of female mammary glands

A

secrete milk

Biomed (57 decks)

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