BB1701 integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

what is an organ?

A

multiple tissues with similar structures that work together to perform a specialised function

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2
Q

what is the largest organ in the integumentary system?

A

the skin (cutaneous membrane)

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3
Q

what are the two important layers of the skin?

A

epidermis
dermis

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4
Q

which tissues in the skin are most important?

A

epithelial
connective

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5
Q

what is the epidermis?

A
  • outer layer of the skin
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6
Q

what is the epidermis composed of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

what are the four layers of the epidermis?

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of the stratum basale?

A
  • the deepest layer
  • contains a thin layer of dividing cells
  • nourished by blood vessels of the dermis
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9
Q

what are the characteristics of the stratum corneum?

A
  • the outermost/superficial layer
  • consists of layers of dead, flattened, dehydrated, densely packed, keratinised cells
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10
Q

what causes epidermal cells to die?

A

blocked blood supply

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11
Q

where is the stratum lucidum located?

A

on the hairless and thickened skin
palms, soles

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12
Q

role of desmosomes in the epidermal layers/strata?

A

hold together keratinocytes

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13
Q

function of epidermis?

A
  • protective
  • shields moist underlying tissues against excess water loss, mechanical injury and harmful chemicals
  • keep out pathogens
  • epidermal cell production in the stratum basale balance loss and shedding of dead cells
  • allow thickness to remain constant
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14
Q

what happens as new epidermal cells are produced?

A

keratinocytes are pushed from the dermis towards the skin surface
they die as nutrient supply is poorer
keratinisation

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15
Q

what is keratinization?

A
  • process where epidermal cells harden
  • cytoplasm fills with strands of tough, fibrous, waterproof keratin
    layers of the keratinised cells gather and shed in the stratum corneum
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16
Q

what is the dermis?

A

inner layer of the skin
thicker than epidermis

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17
Q

function of dermis?

A

binds the epidermis to underlying tissues
dermal blood vessels supply nutrients to all skin cells
vessels regulate body temperature

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18
Q

what is the dermis composed of?

A

areolar connective tissue
connective tissue

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19
Q

what does the connective tissue include?

A

collagen fibres
elastic fibres with gel like ground substances
smooth muscle tissue
nervous tissue
blood

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20
Q

function of connective tissue?

A

bind epidermis to subcanteous layer

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21
Q

function of collagen?

A

strength

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22
Q

function of elastic fibres?

A

ability to stretch

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23
Q

function of blood?

A

bring oxygen and nutrients to cells

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24
Q

function of nerve tissue?

A

detection of changes

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25
function of smooth muscle tissue?
allow hair and hair follicles to change position
26
which accessory structures does the dermis contain?
hair follicles sebaceous glands sweat glands
27
what is the dermal papillae?
- uneven boundary between epidermis and dermis - extends into spaces between ridges
28
how is dermal papillae formed?
due to epidermal ridges projecting inwards and conical projections of dermis
29
where is dermal papillae found?
skin hands and feet
30
what is the role of epidermal ridges?
leave patterned impression (fingerprint)
31
what determines a fingerprint?
genes the fetus pressing against the uterine wall
32
what separates the epidermis and dermis?
a basement membrane by anchoring the epidermis to the dermis
33
what is the subcutaneous layer?
is beneath the dermis composed of areolar and adipose tissue
34
function of the subcutaneous layer
bind skin to deeper organs insulates body from heat loss supplies skin with major blood vessels for nutrient and oxygen delivery
35
features of epithelial tissue
- cover body surface, and line internal organs - secrete portions of glands - lacks blood cells - continuously replaced - readily divide - closely packed - single or multiple layers - contain an apical surface - contain lateral surface, which communicates with other cells
36
function of epithelial tissue
protection secretion absorption excretion
37
types of epithelium tissue
simple squamous simple cuboidial simple columnar stratified squamous stratified cuboidal pseudostratifed columnar transitional
38
features of simple squamous epithelium
- single layer - thin flattened cells - cells fit tightly together - nuclei are broad and thin line alveoli
39
features of simple cuboidal epithelium
- single layer - cube shaped cells - central, spherical nuclei - cells arent elongated covers ovaries
40
features of simple columnar epithelium
- single layer - elongated nuclei - oval nuclei - nuclei in middle of cell - taller > wide goblet cells
41
features of stratified squamous epithelium
- many cell layers - tissues relatively thick - cells divide in deeper layers - flatter cells on the surface - bottom layer is cuboid - stem cells epidermis
42
features of stratified cuboidal epithelium
- 2-3 layers - cuboidal cells - form lining of lumen - provide protection lines ducts of mammary glands
43
features of pseudostratified columnar
- not layered - nuclei lie at 2+ levels in the row - cilia - lie on basal membrane line passage of respiratory system
44
features of transitional epithelium
- change in response to increased tension - expands form inner lining of urinary bladder
45
features of connective tissue
- widely distributed throughout body - rich blood supply - highly vascularised - cells further apart - extracellular cells due to matric
46
function of connective tissue
bind support protect fill spaces store fat produce blood cells
47
main connective tissues
adipose areolar blood bone bone marrow
48
features and functions of areolar tissue
binds organs beneath skin and epithelial tissues between muscles
49
features and functions of adipose tissue
protection insulation store fat beneath skin around kidneys behind eyeballs on heart surface
50
features and functions of bone marrow/ hyaline cartilage
supports protects framework end of bones nose walls of respiratory passages flexible
51
features and functions of bone
suports protects framework bones of skeleton solid because of positions of salts in membrane
52
features and functions of blood
transport maintain homeostasis whole body within closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers abundant matrix
53
what are melanocytes?
specialised cells which produce and store melanin within melanosomes
54
where are melanocytes loaced?
deepest portion of epidermis
55
what is melanin?
- pigment that provides skin colour - protects skin cells from mutation in DNA
56
which types of melanin determine colour?
eumelanin pheomelanin
57
which colour does eumelanin produce?
brown black
58
which colour does pheomelanin produce?
red yellow
59
what determines the darkness of skin colour?
- the more melanin , the darker the skin - distribution and size of melanin - genetics - disease - environmental and physiological factors
60
how does sunglight, uv and xray affect melanin?
- darken melan in granules - stimulate more melanin production
61
how can diet affect melanin?
high colourful foods rich in carotene can turn skin orange as carotene builds up in stratum corneum and adipose tissues
62
how does melanin protect skin cells from mutations in DNA?
melanin granules lie over the top of the nucleus and absorb UV in sunlight
63
how does melanin work?
melanin granules are transferred into neighbouring cells by cytocrine secretion, which darkens cells
64
functions of integumentary system?
- protection and touch - vitamin d production - temperature regulation - healing wounds
65
what features of the integumentary system provide protection?
- epidermis is a waterproof protective barried, which keeps microorganisms out - melanocytes produce melanin which provide protection from UV - sensory receptors in nerves in the skin
66
how does integumentary system provide sense of touch
sensory receptors detect pressure, change in temperature and pain
67
how is vitamin d produced + why?
by skin cells necessary for bone and tooth development
68
forms of vitamin D
- inactive form, cholecalciferol when exposed to sunlight - cholecalciferol is modified to active form, calcitriol in livewr and kidneys
69
how are shallow breaks in the skin healed?
epithelial cells alone the margin divide more rapidly newly formed cells fill the gap
70
what happens when an injury extends into the dermis or subcutaneous layer?
- blood vessels break - blood released forms a clot which combines with dried tissue, forming a scab - fibroblasts migrate to the wound and secrete collagen fibres, which bind to the edges of the wound - blood vessels extend beneath the scab - phagocytic cells remove dead cells - damaged tissue is replaced, scab is removed - more collagen fibres are produced which form a scar
71
function of scab
cover and protect underlying tissues
72
what happens in large open wounds
granulations develop in exposed tissues some blood vessels are resorbed fibroblasts move away leaves a scar
73
what is a granulation?
- small rounded masses - consist of new branch of blood vessels - contain collagen secreting fibroblasts, nourished by vessle
74
how does the tissue respond to inflammation?
blood vessels dilate increase metabolic activity
75
why do blood vessels dilate when inflammation occurs?
increases blood vessel permeability brings more fluid to the area brings more blood containing oxygen, nutrients and phagocytes
76
what is hair?
composed of dead epithelial cells present on almost al skin surfaces develops from a group of stem cells at the base of hair follicle
77
what is the hair follicle?
- contains hair root which extends from the surface into subcutaneous layer - hair bulb is deepest portion of hair root at the base of the follicle - hair matrix lies within the bulb
78
what is the hair matrix?
growth region composed of epithelial cells nourished from dermal vessels in a projection of connective tissue
79
what happens to the hair follicle
older cells become keratinised and move towards surface after epithelial cells divide and grow
80
how's hair shaft formed
remains from keratinised cells extends outwards
81
what determines the characteristics of hair
genes arrector pilli muscles
82
how do genes determine hair colour?
- abundance and type of pigment epidermal melanocytes produce - dark hair has more eumelanin - light hair has more pheomelanin
83
how do arrector pilli muscles contribute to hair characteristics
formed by smooth muscle cells positioned so a short hair within the follicle stands on the end when the muscle contracts stimulated by emotions or the nervous system
84
purpose of the nail?
protective covering consist of nail plate which overlies the nail bed
85
features of nail
nail bed nail plate lunula
86
how is the nail bed formed
- produced by specialised epithelial cells which are continuous with the - epithelium of the skin thin layer of skin under the hardened nail plate
87
what is the lunula and where is it located?
- at the base of the nail plate - most actively growing region due to stem cells
88
why is the lunula pale?
because of pressure of nail on the nail bed
89
what happens to keratinized cells?
keratinized scales become part of the nail plate and push it forward over the nail bed - the keratin is harder than usual epidermal stratum corneum keratin
90
What can influence the appearance of nails?
genetics injury deficiencies in nutrition disease aging
91
how can disease affect the appearance of nails?
- carbon monoxide poisoning can cause a red lunula - liver disease may cause a yellow lunula
92
how can age affect the appearance of nails?
nails become more thin because cell division slows with age
93
types of glands
sebaceous glands sweat - merocrine - apocrine - ceruminous - female mammary
94
features of sebaceous glands
- contains groups of specialised epithelial cells - holocrine glands - their cells produce globules of fatty material
95
function of fatty material globules in sebaceous glands
- accumulate, swell and burst cells - sebum moves through small ducts into follicles and keeps hair and skin soft, pliable and waterproof
96
disorders associated with sebaceous glands?
cradle cap acne
97
what is cradle cap
overactive sebaceous glands secrete too much sebum causes pinkish plaques on the scalp that form greasy yellow crust
98
what is acne
overactive and inflamed glands become plugged produce blackheads of surrounded by pimples
99
features of sweat glands?
- exocrine - narrow lumen - consist of tiny ball shaped coil tube in deeper dermis/superficial subcutaneous layer - coiled portion closed at deep end - lined with sweat secreting epithelial cells
100
features of merocrine sweat glands
respond to body temp changes or emotional stress on forehead, neck, back produce profuse sweat carried away by pore
101
what is sweat?
composed of mostly water, salt, urea, uric acid excretory function
102
feature of apocrine sweat gland
- during puberty - secrete by exocytosis - in axillary regions and groin - ducts open into hair follicles - secrete protein and lipids, within sweat - body odor produced
103
when is body odor produced
when metabolised by skin bacteria
104
features of ceruminous glands
external ear canal secrete earwax
105
feature of female mammary glands
secrete milk