BB1701 introduction to anatomy and physiology chapter 1 Flashcards
How did early medicine start?
- healthcare relied on superstitions and magic
- orginated from herbs and natural chemicals
What did physicians do which lead understanding the body?
- made observations
- came up with hypothesis
- test these hypothesis to either accept or reject their theory
What factors stimulated interest in the human body?
- attempting to understand causes of various infections, illness, loss of function
- aimed to treat these
What is anatomy?
the study of the structure of body parts, their forms and how they are organised
What is physiology?
the study of functions and body parts, what they are and how they work
How is anatomy and physiology related?
the body’s functions depend on how they are structured and organised
Give 3 examples of how the structure of a body part makes its function possible
- molars are flattened so they can grind the food
- incisors are pointed so they can grasp and tear food
- jointed structure on bones to grasp objects
What is an organism?
- complete unit of life
- ranges from single cell to complex living organisms
What are orgnanisms composed of?
- Larger body structures are made up of smaller parts, which are composed of even smaller parts.
- organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, molecules/atoms
How do body parts at different levels of organisation vary in complexity?
the higher the level of organisation a structure is part of, the more complex it is
Give the characteristics of different levels of organisation in a human.
- cells: the smallest unit, composed of macromolecules, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
- cells are organised into tissues: work together to perform a certain function
- groups of tissues form an organ: complex structures with specialised functions
- groups of organs form an organ system
Give an example of how the human body illustrates levels of organisation
- cardiovascular system consists of the heart
- the heart is composed of tissues
- tissues consist of layers of cells
- cells are made of organelles
- organelles are composed of molecules and atoms
What are the major characteristics of life?
growth
reproduction
movement
responsiveness
metabolism
How can we define the term growth?
increase in cell number and size
increase in body size
What is reproduction?
production of new cells and organisms
Define movement
- change in body position or location
- motion of internal fluids and organs
What is responsiveness?
reaction to a change inside or outside the body
Define metabolism
- the sum of all chemical reactions in a living system
- energy transformation
- nutrient cycling
How are the characteristics of life dependant on metabolism?
sum of all chemical reactions in cells
supports life processes
examples of metabolism
respiration
digestion
circulation
excretion
what is digestion?
breaking down food into usable nutrients for adsorption
what is circulation?
moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids
What are the major requirements of organisms?
chemicals
heat
pressure
What is the importance of chemicals in an organism?
- required for metabolic processes
- provide the environment where metabolic processes can occur
- carries substances
- takes part in regulating body temperature
- constitutes intracellular and extracellular fluid
what is the most abundant chemical in all living systems?
water
What is the importance of heat in an organism?
- form of energy
- product of metabolic reactions
- the degree of heat determines the rate a reaction occurs
What are the different types of pressure in an organism?
hydrostatic
atmospheric
what is hydrostatic pressure?
- pressure a liquid exerts due to the weight of water above them
- prodcues blood pressure, forcing blood through vessels
What is atmospheric pressure?
force on the outside of the body due to the weight of air above it
What is the importance of homeostasis to survival?
- changes in the external environment affects the internal environment, affects health of cells
- cells, tissues and organs only function properly in the presence of certain concentrations of water, oxygen, hydrogen ions, nutrients, heat and pressure
Describe the homeostatic mechanism?
- receptors detect change in the internal environment
- the change is compared to the set point
- effectors respond and alter conditions in their internal environment
- the response is activated until the change is back to normal
What is negative feedback?
moves conditions towards the normal state
Give an example of negative feedback
- when the internal body temperature decreases, receptors detect the change
- they trigger muscles to contract involuntarily, to stimulate shivering.
- erector cells are activated
- blood vessels constrict so less warm blood flows through to retain heat.
- once the body temperature has reached its set point, the effectors stop these responses.
What is positive feedback?
moves conditions away from the normal state
produce unstable conditions for specific roles
short term
Give an example of positive feedback
when a person cuts themself chemicals that carry out blood coagulation stimulate more clotting to minimise bleeding and conceal the cut
identify the location of major body cavities
axial portion
appendicular portion
What cavities are located in the axial portion?
cranial cavity
vertebral canal
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
head
neck
trunk
What cavities (?) are located in the appendicular portion?
upper and lower limbs
How are the major body cavities organised?
the diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
What organ is in the cranial cavity?
brain
What organ is in the vertebral cavity?
spinal cord
How is the thoracic cavity organised?
- the wall is composed of skin, skeletal muscles, bones
- separated by the mediastinum with lungs on either side
- mediastinum contains most of the thoracic cavity viscera
what is the thoracic cavity viscera?
includes heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus
what does viscera mean?
organs within the cavity
How is the abdominopelvic cavity organised?
- extends from diaphragm
- upper abdomen to lower pelvis
- wall consists of skin, skeletal muscles and bones
- composed of abdominal and pelvic cavity
what is in the abdominal cavity?
stomach
liver
spleen
gallbladder
kidneys
most of the small and large intestines
what is in the pelvic cavity?
it is enclosed by hip bones
- terminal of large intestine
- urinary bladder
- internal reproductive organs
Name the small cavities within the head
oral
nasal
orbital
middle ear
identify locations of membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
double layered serous membranes line the walls of these cavities and surround each organ
- between the pareital and visceral pleural membranes is a pleural cavity filled with lubricating fluid
What is the parietal layer?
lines the wall of the cavity
parietal pleura lines thoracic cavity - contains lungs on either side of mediastinum
What is the visceral layer?
surrounds an organ
deep and towards interior
visceral pleura covers each lung
Which membranes are within the abdominopelvic cavity?
- peritoneal membrane, surrounds organs
- parietal peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum
- peritoneal cavity, potential space between membranes
Which membranes are within the thoracic cavity?
- pericardial membrane, surround heart
- visceral pericardium
- pericardial cavity, space between membranes
- parietal pleura, attaches to chest wall
- pleural membrane, surround lungs
What are the major organ systems?
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous system
endocrine system
cardiovascular system
digestive
lymphatic
urinary
reproductive
Which organs are associated with integumentary system?
skin
hair
nails
sweat and sebaceous glands
Which organs are associated with nervous system?
brain
spinal cord
nerves
sense organs
Which organs are associated with endocrine system?
endocrine glands
Which organs are associated with cardiovascular system?
heart
arteries
veins
capillaries
blood
Which organs are associated with lymphatic system?
lymph nodes
thymus
spleen
Which organs are associated with digestive system?
mouth
teeth
tongue
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
Which organs are associated with urinary system?
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
Which organs are associated with the male reproductive system?
scrotum
testes
epididymides
ductus deferentia
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
penis
urethra
Which organs are associated with the female reproductive system?
ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
clitoris
vulva
What is an organ system?
includes a set of interrelated organs which work together to perform a specialised function and contributes to homeostasis
What is the role of the integumentary system?
- protect internal structures
- regulate body temperature
- detects change in evironment using sensory receptors
- synthesises specific chemicals
What is the role of the skeletal system?
- provide framework for body
- protect internal organs
- shield for soft tissue
- movement
- produce blood cells
- store inorganic ions
- attachments for muscle tissues within bones
What is the role of the muscular system?
- provide force to move body parts
- maintain posture
- souce of body heat
What is the role of the nervous system?
- regulates and adjusts organ function for homeostasis
- cells communicate via nerve impulses
- integrate information from receptors
- respond to information by stimulating muscles and glands
- exerts short term effect
What is the role of the endocrine system?
- regulates and adjusts organ function for homeostasis
- cells communicate via hormone secretion into body fluids
- glands secrete chemical messengers
- hormones affect target cells
- less rapid
- longer lasting
What is the role of the cardiovascular system?
transports red and white blood cells, platelets, respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout body
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
- contain lymphocytes to defend the body against infection and disease
- remove disease micoorganisms and virus from fluid
- transport some tissue fluid back to blood strea
- carry large fats away from digestive system to blood
What is the role of the digestive system?
- receive nutrients from the environment
- breaks down food particles into simpler molecules absorbed across the cell membranes and into body fluids
- eliminates waste
- produce hormones to regulate digestive processes
What is the role of the urinary system?
- remove waste from blood
- maintains water, electrolyte and acid-base balance
- produces urine
- transports urine out the body
What is the role of the male reproductive system?
- produce and maintain sperm
- produce hormones that develop the male body
- transfers sperm to the female reproductive tract
What is the role of the female reproductive system?
- produce and maintain oocytes
- produce hormones that develop female body
- receives sperm for fertilisation
- development of embryo and fetus
- birth
- nourish infant
what are the relative positions?
superior - above
inferior - below
anterior - front
posterior - back
medial - midline, left and right
lateral - toward side, away from midline
bilateral - paired, each side of midline
ipsilateral - same side
contralateral - opposite sides
proximal - close to attachment
distal - far from attachment
superficial - near surface
peripheral - outward
deep - more internal
What are the 5 different body sections?
sagittal - lenghtwide, left + right
median - divided 4 diffrrent parts
parasagittal - sagittal lateral to midline
transverse - divide horizontally
frontal - divide front and back
Name the different body regions
- abdominal: between thorax and pelvis
- epigastric: upper middle
- right and left hypochondriac: each side of epigastric
- umbilical: middle
- right and left lateral lumbar: each side of umbilical
- pubic hypogastric: lower middle
- right and left inguinal iliac: each side of pubic
- celiac: abdomen
