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Biomed > Biochemistry definitions > Flashcards

Biochemistry definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry

A
  • the study of matter
  • it’s chemical + physical properties
  • chemical + physical changes it undergoes
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2
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass + occupies space

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3
Q

Pure substance

A

only one component

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4
Q

Mixture

A

combination of two or more pure substances, each substance retains its own identity, not undergoing a chemical reaction

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5
Q

Element

A
  • pure substance
  • cannot be changed into simpler form of matter by any chemical reaction
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6
Q

Compound

A

pure substance from a combination of two or more elements in a definite, reproducable way
fixed ratio

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7
Q

Atom

A

smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties

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8
Q

Nucleus

A
  • small, dense, positively charged region in centre of atom
  • contais protons + neutrons
  • electrons surround outside
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9
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons in atom

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10
Q

Atomic mass

A

sum of protons + neutrons

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11
Q

Isotopes

A
  • atoms of same element having different masses
  • same number protons
  • different number neutrons
  • different chemical properties
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12
Q

Atomic orbitals

A
  • regions in space with a high probability of finding an electron
  • electrons do not move in orbits
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13
Q

Chemical bonding

A
  • force of attraction between any two atoms in a compound
  • attractive force overcomes the repulsion of positively charged nuclei of the two atoms participating in bond
  • interactions involving valence electrons are responsible for chemical bond
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14
Q

Covalent bond

A

attractive force due to sharing of electrons between atoms

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15
Q

Ionic bond

A

attractive force due to the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another

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16
Q

Linear molecule

A
  • 180 bond angle
  • all electrons around central atom
  • far as possible
  • minimise electron repulsion
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17
Q

Trigonal planar structure

A
  • 120 bond angle
  • 3 bonded atoms around central atom
  • minimal repulsion in triangular arrangement
18
Q

Tetrahedral structure

A
  • 109.5 bond angle
  • 4 bonded atoms around central atom
  • minimal electron repulsion in tetrahedron arrangement
19
Q

Trygonal pyramidal

A
  • 107 bond angle
  • 3 bonded atoms
  • 1 lone pair
  • lone pair in separate corner so it doesnt distort arrangement of electron pairs
20
Q

Non-linear

A
  • 104.5 bond angle
  • 2 bonded atoms
  • 2 lone pairs
21
Q

Single bond

A
  • 154pm
  • one pair of electrons shared between two atoms
  • limited pull on nuclei
  • longest length
  • least stable
22
Q

Double bond

A
  • 134pm
  • two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
  • greater pull on nuclei
  • bond shortened
23
Q

Triple bond

A
  • 121pm
  • 180 bond angle
  • three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
  • shortest length
  • most stable
24
Q

Electronegativity

A
  • a measure of the ability of an atom to attract elements in a chemical bond
  • high electronegativity = easier to attract electrons
  • greater difference in electronegativity = more polar bond
25
Q

Polyatomic ions

A
  • two or more atoms bonded together with overall positive or negative charge
  • within ion there’s covalent bonding
26
Q

Dispersion forces

A
  • force of attraction between areas of two opposite charge
27
Q

Electrolytes

A

ions present in solution allowing the solution to conduct electricity

28
Q

Chemical reaction

A

a chemical substance is converted into one or more different substances by rearranging, removing, replacing or adding atoms

29
Q

Catalyst

A
  • substance that increases reaction rate
  • undergoes no net change
  • does not alter final product of reaction
  • interacts with the reactants to create an alternative pathway for product production
30
Q

Bronsted-Lowry acid

A

proton donors

31
Q

Bronsted-Lowry base

A

proton acceptors

32
Q

Buffer

A
  • resist pH changes when small amounts of acids or bases are added
  • mixture of weak acids and conjugate base
33
Q

Organic bond angles

A

triangular - 60
square - 90
pentagon - 108
hexagon - 120

34
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A
  • 120 bond angle
  • planar around double bond
  • no rotation
  • fixed configuration
35
Q

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds

A
  • rings with at least one atom other than carbon as part of ring
  • hetero atom usually O or N
  • delocalised electrons
36
Q

Aliphatic compounds

A

organic compounds that do not contain benzene ring

37
Q

Thiols

A
  • contain sulfhydryl group
  • sulfur replaces oxygen
  • S-H bond is less polar than O-H
38
Q

Stereisomers

A
  • connected in same order but differ in spatial arrangement
  • cis/trans
  • entantiomers
39
Q

Entantiomers

A
  • stereoisomers that are non superimposable mirror images
40
Q

Chiral carbon atoms

A

carbon atoms that has four different groups bonded to it

Biomed (57 decks)

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