pregnancy

Question 1

term used to describe an increase in size of a structure due to increase in the number and size of cells?

Answer 1

growth

Question 2

What is the correct sequence of stages during cleavage?

Answer 2

Zygote, morula, bastocyst, embryo

Question 3

Name the maternal hormone that is released from the corpus luteum and that helps to increase movement at the pubic symphysis and sacroiliac joints as the time of birth approaches.

Answer 3

relaxin

Question 4

fill in the blank
The embryonic stage begins after the ________ forms in the second week of development.

Answer 4

blastocyst

Question 5

fill in the blank
Implantation occurs as the the part of the blastocyst called the ________ begins secreting proteolytic enzymes that allow it to burrow into the ________

Answer 5

1. trophoblast
2. endometrium

Question 6

fill in the blank
Within the blastocyst, the inner cell mass flattens into a(n) ____________

Answer 6

embryonic disc

Question 7

fill in the blank
The trophoblast becomes lined with a second layer of cells. These two layers form the ______, which will send projections called ________ into the endometrium.

Answer 7

1. chorion
2. chorionic villi

Question 8

fill in the blank
A membrane called the _____ forms around the embryo, creating a cavity filled with __________

Answer 8

1. amnion
2. amniotic fluid

Question 9

fill in the blank
During the process of ________, the primary germ layers form within the embryonic disc.

Answer 9

gastrulation

Question 10

hormone processes associated with first trimester

Answer 10

rising hCG levels predominate
progesterone and estrogen secreted primarily by the ovaries

Question 11

hormone processes associated with second trimester

Answer 11

hCG secretion rate is declining
estrogens and progesterones are secreted by both ovaries and placenta

Question 12

hormone processes associated with third trimester

Answer 12

production of estrogens, progesterone and hCG only by the placenta
highest levels of estrogen and progesterone

Question 13

name the extraembryonic membranes

Answer 13

mesoderm
chorion
endometrium

Question 14

role of yolk sac in development of offspring

Answer 14

formation of blood cells and sex cells

Question 15

role of amnion in development of offspring

Answer 15

contains fluid that cushions developing offspring
helps to maintain stable temperature

Question 16

role of chorion in development of offspring

Answer 16

forms part of placenta
involved in exchange between maternal and embryonic/fetal circulation

Question 17

role of allantois in development of offspring

Answer 17

gives rise to umbilical blood vessels

Question 18

which primary germ layer gives rise to many of the mucous membranes, including those of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urethra?

Answer 18

endoderm

Question 19

whats the time frame during embryonic development of the blastocyst forming

Answer 19

1st and 2nd week

Question 20

whats the time frame during embryonic development of the gastrula stage with 3 germ layers; yolk sac, amnion & allantois form around embryo

Answer 20

2nd and 3rd week

Question 21

whats the time frame during embryonic development of the end of the embryonic stage; beginning of fetal stage

Answer 21

8th week

Question 22

what is the role of the placental membrane?

Answer 22

it’s the layer through which nutrients and gases are exchanged between embryonic and maternal blood.

Question 23

What fetal structure shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta?

Answer 23

ductus arteriosus

Question 24

oxytocin is a hormone involved in labor and delivery and the functioning of the mammary glands. What endocrine gland secretes oxytocin?

Answer 24

Posterior pituitary

Question 25

what is the function of the alveolar gland within the mammary gland?

Answer 25

eject milk into ducts

Question 26

What hormone stimulates the production of milk in the mammary glands?

Answer 26

prolactin

Question 27

What is the most immediate need for a newborn?

Answer 27

to obtain oxygen

Question 28

What is the function of the enzymes contained within the acrosome of a sperm cell?

Answer 28

To digest the material forming the zona pellucida

Question 29

How does the egg prevent fertilization by more than one sperm?

Answer 29

After the first sperm enters, enzymes are released by the egg that harden the zona pellucida.

Question 30

fill in the blanks During the first trimester, the __________ acts as an important source of pregnancy hormones. For the second and third trimester, the __________ provides the necessary estrogens and progesterone.

Answer 30

1. corpus luteum 2. placenta

Question 31

Why does the pathway of circulation change after birth?

Answer 31

the circulatory system changes so the newborn can use its lungs for gas exchange.

Question 32

fill in the blank - stage 1 fertilisation: The sperm cell, containing ___ chromosomes, reaches the _______, the follicular cells that surround the unfertilized egg.

Answer 32

1. 23 2. corona radiata

Question 33

fill in the blank - stage 2 fertilisation: The ______ of the sperm cell releases a protein-digesting enzyme that aids in penetration of the _______that surrounds the cell membrane of the oocyte.

Answer 33

1. acrosome 2. zona pellucida

Question 34

fill in the blank - stage 3 fertilisation: Then, the membrane of the sperm cell fuses with the membrane of the ______oocyte.

Answer 34

1. secondary

Question 35

fill in the blank - stage 4 fertilisation: The oocyte then divides unequally to form a large cell and a tiny second _______, thus completing the processes of ________ and fertilization.

Answer 35

1. polar body 2. meiosis

Question 36

fill in the blank - stage 5 fertilisation: Following the merger of the two pronuclei (one from the sperm cell and one from the oocyte), the resulting single cell, called a(n) _______, contains ________ chromosomes.

Answer 36

1. zygote 2. 46

Question 37

what stage does implantation occur?

Answer 37

blastocyst

Question 38

At what point does an embryo become a fetus?

Answer 38

At the end of eighth week of development

Question 39

fill in the blank Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) maintains the corpus luteum, stimulating the production of estrogens and progesterone within the _________

Answer 39

ovary

Question 40

fill in the blank Production of hCG diminishes once the ______ begins secreting enough estrogens and progesterone; sometime after the first trimester.

Answer 40

placenta

Question 41

fill in the blank The increase in the level of ______ cause(s) breast tenderness and enlargement, typically occurring in early pregnancy.

Answer 41

estrogen

Question 42

fill in the blank The presence of _________ suppress(es) smooth muscle contraction in the uterine wall until the birth process begins.

Answer 42

progesterone

Question 43

name the structures that secrete hormones important in the maintenance of pregnancy.

Answer 43

corpus luteum placenta trophoblast cells