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Biomed > pregnancy > Flashcards

pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

term used to describe an increase in size of a structure due to increase in the number and size of cells?

A

growth

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2
Q

What is the correct sequence of stages during cleavage?

A

Zygote, morula, bastocyst, embryo

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3
Q

Name the maternal hormone that is released from the corpus luteum and that helps to increase movement at the pubic symphysis and sacroiliac joints as the time of birth approaches.

A

relaxin

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4
Q

fill in the blank
The embryonic stage begins after the ________ forms in the second week of development.

A

blastocyst

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5
Q

fill in the blank
Implantation occurs as the the part of the blastocyst called the ________ begins secreting proteolytic enzymes that allow it to burrow into the ________

A
  1. trophoblast
  2. endometrium
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6
Q

fill in the blank
Within the blastocyst, the inner cell mass flattens into a(n) ____________

A

embryonic disc

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7
Q

fill in the blank
The trophoblast becomes lined with a second layer of cells. These two layers form the ______, which will send projections called ________ into the endometrium.

A
  1. chorion
  2. chorionic villi
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8
Q

fill in the blank
A membrane called the _____ forms around the embryo, creating a cavity filled with __________

A
  1. amnion
  2. amniotic fluid
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9
Q

fill in the blank
During the process of ________, the primary germ layers form within the embryonic disc.

A

gastrulation

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10
Q

hormone processes associated with first trimester

A

rising hCG levels predominate
progesterone and estrogen secreted primarily by the ovaries

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11
Q

hormone processes associated with second trimester

A

hCG secretion rate is declining
estrogens and progesterones are secreted by both ovaries and placenta

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12
Q

hormone processes associated with third trimester

A

production of estrogens, progesterone and hCG only by the placenta
highest levels of estrogen and progesterone

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13
Q

name the extraembryonic membranes

A

mesoderm
chorion
endometrium

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14
Q

role of yolk sac in development of offspring

A

formation of blood cells and sex cells

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15
Q

role of amnion in development of offspring

A

contains fluid that cushions developing offspring
helps to maintain stable temperature

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16
Q

role of chorion in development of offspring

A

forms part of placenta
involved in exchange between maternal and embryonic/fetal circulation

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17
Q

role of allantois in development of offspring

A

gives rise to umbilical blood vessels

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18
Q

which primary germ layer gives rise to many of the mucous membranes, including those of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urethra?

A

endoderm

19
Q

whats the time frame during embryonic development of the blastocyst forming

A

1st and 2nd week

20
Q

whats the time frame during embryonic development of the gastrula stage with 3 germ layers; yolk sac, amnion & allantois form around embryo

A

2nd and 3rd week

21
Q

whats the time frame during embryonic development of the end of the embryonic stage; beginning of fetal stage

A

8th week

22
Q

what is the role of the placental membrane?

A

it’s the layer through which nutrients and gases are exchanged between embryonic and maternal blood.

23
Q

What fetal structure shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta?

A

ductus arteriosus

24
Q

oxytocin is a hormone involved in labor and delivery and the functioning of the mammary glands. What endocrine gland secretes oxytocin?

A

Posterior pituitary

25
Q

what is the function of the alveolar gland within the mammary gland?

A

eject milk into ducts

26
Q

What hormone stimulates the production of milk in the mammary glands?

A

prolactin

27
Q

What is the most immediate need for a newborn?

A

to obtain oxygen

28
Q

What is the function of the enzymes contained within the acrosome of a sperm cell?

A

To digest the material forming the zona pellucida

29
Q

How does the egg prevent fertilization by more than one sperm?

A

After the first sperm enters, enzymes are released by the egg that harden the zona pellucida.

30
Q

fill in the blanks
During the first trimester, the __________ acts as an important source of pregnancy hormones. For the second and third trimester, the __________ provides the necessary estrogens and progesterone.

A
  1. corpus luteum
  2. placenta
31
Q

Why does the pathway of circulation change after birth?

A

the circulatory system changes so the newborn can use its lungs for gas exchange.

32
Q

fill in the blank - stage 1 fertilisation:
The sperm cell, containing ___ chromosomes, reaches the _______, the follicular cells that surround the unfertilized egg.

A
  1. 23
  2. corona radiata
33
Q

fill in the blank - stage 2 fertilisation:
The ______ of the sperm cell releases a protein-digesting enzyme that aids in penetration of the _______that surrounds the cell membrane of the oocyte.

A
  1. acrosome
  2. zona pellucida
34
Q

fill in the blank - stage 3 fertilisation:
Then, the membrane of the sperm cell fuses with the membrane of the ______oocyte.

A
  1. secondary
35
Q

fill in the blank - stage 4 fertilisation:
The oocyte then divides unequally to form a large cell and a tiny second _______, thus completing the processes of ________ and fertilization.

A
  1. polar body
  2. meiosis
36
Q

fill in the blank - stage 5 fertilisation:
Following the merger of the two pronuclei (one from the sperm cell and one from the oocyte), the resulting single cell, called a(n) _______, contains ________ chromosomes.

A
  1. zygote
  2. 46
37
Q

what stage does implantation occur?

A

blastocyst

38
Q

At what point does an embryo become a fetus?

A

At the end of eighth week of development

39
Q

fill in the blank
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) maintains the corpus luteum, stimulating the production of estrogens and progesterone within the _________

A

ovary

40
Q

fill in the blank
Production of hCG diminishes once the ______ begins secreting enough estrogens and progesterone; sometime after the first trimester.

A

placenta

41
Q

fill in the blank
The increase in the level of ______ cause(s) breast tenderness and enlargement, typically occurring in early pregnancy.

A

estrogen

42
Q

fill in the blank
The presence of _________ suppress(es) smooth muscle contraction in the uterine wall until the birth process begins.

A

progesterone

43
Q

name the structures that secrete hormones important in the maintenance of pregnancy.

A

corpus luteum
placenta
trophoblast cells

44
Q
A

Biomed (57 decks)

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