nervous system brain Flashcards
what structures are associated with the brain?
cerebrum
basal nuclei
corpus callosum
midbrain
hemisphere
gyrus
what cavity, space, divider is associated with the brain?
sulcus
fissure
cerebral aqueduct
ventricles
what is the cerebrum
largest part of the brain. divided into two hemispheres, or halves: cerebral hemispheres.
what is the corpus callosum
primary commissural region of the brain where white matter tracts link the left and right cerebral hemispheres
what is the fissure
separate the brain into two hemispheres, left and right.
what is the cerebral aqueduct
a narrow communication duct between the third and fourth ventricles
what is the ventricles
produce cerebrospinal fluid, and transport it around the cranial cavity
what is the most superior basal nucleus
caudate nucleus
what is the most lateral basal nucleus
putamen
what is the inferior, medial basal nuclei
globus pallidus
what is the thalamus
large centre of diencephalon used as a sensory relay area
what is the name for the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata together
brain stem
what is basal nuclei
deep cerebral gray matter
what is the cerebral hemisphere
right half of the brain
what is the cerebellum
most posterior and inferior portion of the brain
what does the basal nuclei include?
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
what is the hypothalamus
structure deep within the brain.
main link between endocrine system and nervous system.
what is the medulla oblongata
the connection between the brainstem and the spinal cord
what is the sulcus
furrows or depressions that demarcate the highly convoluted external surfaces of the brain hemispheres into gyri
what is the meninges
Three layers of membranes:
- pia mater: delicate inner layer
- arachnoid: a web-like middle layer structure filled with fluid that cushions the brain
- dura mater: tough outer layer
what is the brainstem
connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum
consist of white and grey matter
what is the diencephalon
a mass of neural tissue that lies below the cerebral hemispheres and in front of the midbrain
one of the four major portions of the brain; surrounds third ventricle
what is the pons
part of your brainstem, which links your brain to your spinal cord
what is the midbrain
the smallest portion of the brainstem between the pons caudally and the diencephalon
(about 1.5 cm)
most cranial structure
what is the brainstem composed of?
the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
what is the function of the brainstem?
breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep.
what does the grey matter of the brainstem consist of?
nerve cell bodies and forms many important brainstem nuclei.
whats the function of the midbrain?
relay system, transmitting information necessary for vision and hearing, motor movement, pain, and the sleep/wake cycle.
whats the function of the pons?
transmit signals between your forebrain and cerebellum, helps maintain breathing
giving you sensory cues/motor information: taste, touch, and communicate
whats the function of the meninges?
protect the brain and spinal cord
whats the function of sulcus and gyri?
- increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex
- form brain divisions
whats the function of the medulla oblongata?
- control centre for respiratory and cardiovascular activities. - regulates blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, gagging, sneezing and swallowing.
whats the functions of the hypothalamus?
helps manage your body temperature, hunger and thirst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure and sleep
whats the function pf the diencephalon?
coordinating with the endocrine system to release hormones, relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and regulating circadian rhythms
whats the function of the cerebrum?
initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature. speech, judgment, thinking and reasoning, problem-solving, emotions and learning. vision, hearing, touch and other sense
whats the function of the cerebellum?
motor movement regulation and balance control
coordinates gait and maintains posture, controls muscle tone and voluntary muscle activity
unable to initiate muscle contraction
whats the function of the corpus callosum?
serves as a conduit allowing information to transmit from one side of the brain to the other major role in movement control, cognitive functions (memory and learning), and vision.
whats the function of the thalamus?
relay area for sensory impulses
what functional area of cerebral cortex is associated with skeletal muscles?
areas involved with the control of voluntary muscles
what functional area of cerebral cortex is associated with control of eyes?
frontal eye fluid
what functional area of cerebral cortex is associated with complex thoughts?
concentration, planning, problem solving
what functional area of cerebral cortex is associated with oral muscles?
motor speech area (broca’s area)
what functional area of cerebral cortex is associated with hearing?
auditory area and interpretation of auditory patterns
what functional area of cerebral cortex is associated with associates area?
combining visual images, visual recognition of objects
whats the order of meninges layer from superficial to deep?
dura mater
subdural space
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
pia mater
where is olfaction and hearing processed?
temporal lobes
what does the frontal lobe do?
provide critical function in motivation, logical reasoning, expression of emotion, and social attitudes.
what do the occipital lobes do?
house the visual centers
receive inputs from the optic nerves via the optic radiations
what does the frontal lobe include?
the primary motor cortex
which controls voluntary motor functions
what is the somatosensory cortex?
the region of neocortex represent and process touch, light touch and proprioception, temperature and pain
what do parietal lobes do?
contain areas that receive general sensory input and areas that interpret the input
whats the insulae?
the deepest of the cerebral lobes
the smallest and least understood lobes
What functional region of the cerebral cortex is located in the frontal lobe?
primary motor cortex
what happens if activity of reticular formation is decreased?
sleep
The limbic system interprets sensory impulses from the receptors associated with which sense?
smell
what is the membrane that covers and protects the brain and spinal cord?
meninges
what is the ridge or convolution on the surface of the brain?
gyrus
what is the shallow groove on the surface of the brain?
sulcus
what is the deep groove on the surface of the brain?
fissure
what is considered the autonomic control center of the body and why?
hypothalamus
it regulates hormonal secretion and heart rate
the majority of all afferent pathways pass through and synapse with neurons of the _______?
thalamus
Comprised of parts of the cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and other deep nuclei, the ________ represents the area of emotional control.
limbic system
composed of three parts, the _________ provides basic life support functions including roles in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
brainstem
what is the reticular formation?
the alert system of the body because of the tracts that provide communication between lower and higher brain regions
The largest portion of the brain is the __________ , which controls voluntary muscle movement, sensory integration, and personality.
cerebrum
