respiratory Flashcards
What event initiates the process of inspiration?
Contraction of the diaphragm
what is the relationship between alveolar volume and alveolar pressure
As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure decreases.
how does air move during ventilation
Air moves along a pressure gradient
from high pressure to low pressure until equilibrium is reached
Which way does air flow when alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure?
out lungs
what initiates the start of inspiration
respiratory centre sends an impulse via the phrenic nerves
process of inspiration
- diaphragm contract and move down
- volume of thoracic cavity increases
- pressure in alveoli decreases (759mmHg)
- atmospheric pressure > alveolar pressure
- air moves into lungs
what initiates the start of expiration
respiratory centre stops the phrenic nerves neural impulses
process of expiration
- diaphragm relaxes and moves up
- thoracic volume decreases
- alveolar pressure increases (761mmHg)
- atmospheric pressure < alveolar pressure
- air moves out lungs
What determines the direction of gas movement?
Partial pressure differences
where do pulmonary veins carry oxygen rich blood
from the lungs to the heart and the heart would pump the blood out to the body.
the net diffusion of oxygen out of the blood occurs during which phase of respiration?
Internal respiration
what is respiration
- primary function of the respiratory system
- provide oxygen needed by cells to metabolize nutrient molecules
- expel carbon dioxide, a byproduct of metabolism.
what is ventilation
- process of bringing the gases into and out of the body
- fresh air is added to air already in the lungs.
what is external respiration
- exchange of the gases between the alveolar air (lungs) and the blood
- gases transported by the blood to all the cells of the body
what is internal respiration
gas exchange between blood and tissue
what is cellular respiration
- use of oxygen for metabolic reactions within cells
- oxygen used by the tissue cells
- production of carbon dioxide and ATP
In what direction do gas molecules diffuse at the arterial end of the pulmonary capillaries?
O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
what is the epiglottis
flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat
covers entry to airways
what’s the voice box
larynx
which features are located in the nasal cavity
conchae
which features are located in the larynx
epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
vocal folds
glottis
which features are located in the pharynx
palatine tonsil
opening of auditory tube
naso, oro, laryngo, segments
which bone contain paranasal sinuses?
Zygomatic bone
what is the zygomatic bone
pair of bones on each upper side of the face that forms the cheek and part of the eye socket.
function of zygomatic bone
give shape and structure to the face and are connected to the jaw and bones near the ears, forehead, and skull
what is the frontal bone
unpaired bone that is a part of the boney structure
function of the frontal bone
forms the anterior and superior portions of the skull
what is the nasal bone
two paired nasal bones with the ascending process of the maxilla make up the bony vault (upper third) of the nose
what is the sphenoid bone
twenty-two bones comprising the skull, positioned centrally within the cranial cavity, it lies posterior to the frontal bone and anterior to the occipital bone.
function of the sphenoid bone
connect the neurocranium to the facial skeleton
what is the maxillary bone
crucial bone in the midface that provides essential structural support and separates the nasal and oral cavities
function of the maxillary bone
It forms the upper jaw and contains the maxillary sinus
function of the epiglottis
covers the laryngeal opening during swallowing
what is the thyroid cartilage
largest cartilage in the larynx
what is the cricoid cartilage
only cartilage of the respiratory tract that is a complete ring
what is the tracheal cartilages
C-shaped cartilage rings.
During inspiration, the pressure within the lungs is _______ than atmospheric pressure.
lower
During expiration, the pressure within the lungs is _______ than atmospheric pressure.
higher
What is the role of surfactant?
To reduce surface tension within the fluid lining the alveoli
Where is the ventral respiratory group located?
In the medulla oblongata in the brain
What layers make up the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar wall, capillary wall, and the basement membranes of each
How is the majority of oxygen transported in the blood?
Bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin
what are the three major cartilages of the larynx
thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, and the epiglottal cartilage.
Where does gas exchange between inspired air and blood occur?
alveoli
what happens when the peripheral chemoreceptors detect low oxygen levels
they stimulate the respiratory areas of the brain to increase breathing rate.
what is the segment of the respiratory tract that functions as a passageway for both food and air
pharynx
What is the effect of bronchoconstriction on airflow in the lungs?
Decreased airflow
what is emphysema
The degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange.
what would increase the rate of diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane
- Greater partial pressure gradients for the gases
- Increased surface area of the respiratory membrane
- Thinner respiratory membrane
Ventilating a patient with tracheotomy bypasses what parts of their respiratory system?
pharynx
lobar bronchi
