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Biomed > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What event initiates the process of inspiration?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm

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2
Q

what is the relationship between alveolar volume and alveolar pressure

A

As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure decreases.

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3
Q

how does air move during ventilation

A

Air moves along a pressure gradient
from high pressure to low pressure until equilibrium is reached

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4
Q

Which way does air flow when alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure?

A

out lungs

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5
Q

what initiates the start of inspiration

A

respiratory centre sends an impulse via the phrenic nerves

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6
Q

process of inspiration

A
  • diaphragm contract and move down
  • volume of thoracic cavity increases
  • pressure in alveoli decreases (759mmHg)
  • atmospheric pressure > alveolar pressure
  • air moves into lungs
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7
Q

what initiates the start of expiration

A

respiratory centre stops the phrenic nerves neural impulses

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8
Q

process of expiration

A
  • diaphragm relaxes and moves up
  • thoracic volume decreases
  • alveolar pressure increases (761mmHg)
  • atmospheric pressure < alveolar pressure
  • air moves out lungs
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9
Q

What determines the direction of gas movement?

A

Partial pressure differences

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10
Q

where do pulmonary veins carry oxygen rich blood

A

from the lungs to the heart and the heart would pump the blood out to the body.

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11
Q

the net diffusion of oxygen out of the blood occurs during which phase of respiration?

A

Internal respiration

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12
Q

what is respiration

A
  • primary function of the respiratory system
  • provide oxygen needed by cells to metabolize nutrient molecules
  • expel carbon dioxide, a byproduct of metabolism.
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13
Q

what is ventilation

A
  • process of bringing the gases into and out of the body
  • fresh air is added to air already in the lungs.
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14
Q

what is external respiration

A
  • exchange of the gases between the alveolar air (lungs) and the blood
  • gases transported by the blood to all the cells of the body
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15
Q

what is internal respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and tissue

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16
Q

what is cellular respiration

A
  • use of oxygen for metabolic reactions within cells
  • oxygen used by the tissue cells
  • production of carbon dioxide and ATP
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17
Q

In what direction do gas molecules diffuse at the arterial end of the pulmonary capillaries?

A

O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

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18
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat
covers entry to airways

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19
Q

what’s the voice box

A

larynx

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20
Q

which features are located in the nasal cavity

A

conchae

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21
Q

which features are located in the larynx

A

epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
vocal folds
glottis

22
Q

which features are located in the pharynx

A

palatine tonsil
opening of auditory tube
naso, oro, laryngo, segments

23
Q

which bone contain paranasal sinuses?

A

Zygomatic bone

24
Q

what is the zygomatic bone

A

pair of bones on each upper side of the face that forms the cheek and part of the eye socket.

25
Q

function of zygomatic bone

A

give shape and structure to the face and are connected to the jaw and bones near the ears, forehead, and skull

26
Q

what is the frontal bone

A

unpaired bone that is a part of the boney structure

27
Q

function of the frontal bone

A

forms the anterior and superior portions of the skull

28
Q

what is the nasal bone

A

two paired nasal bones with the ascending process of the maxilla make up the bony vault (upper third) of the nose

29
Q

what is the sphenoid bone

A

twenty-two bones comprising the skull, positioned centrally within the cranial cavity, it lies posterior to the frontal bone and anterior to the occipital bone.

30
Q

function of the sphenoid bone

A

connect the neurocranium to the facial skeleton

31
Q

what is the maxillary bone

A

crucial bone in the midface that provides essential structural support and separates the nasal and oral cavities

32
Q

function of the maxillary bone

A

It forms the upper jaw and contains the maxillary sinus

33
Q

function of the epiglottis

A

covers the laryngeal opening during swallowing

34
Q

what is the thyroid cartilage

A

largest cartilage in the larynx

35
Q

what is the cricoid cartilage

A

only cartilage of the respiratory tract that is a complete ring

36
Q

what is the tracheal cartilages

A

C-shaped cartilage rings.

37
Q

During inspiration, the pressure within the lungs is _______ than atmospheric pressure.

A

lower

38
Q

During expiration, the pressure within the lungs is _______ than atmospheric pressure.

A

higher

39
Q

What is the role of surfactant?

A

To reduce surface tension within the fluid lining the alveoli

40
Q

Where is the ventral respiratory group located?

A

In the medulla oblongata in the brain

41
Q

What layers make up the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar wall, capillary wall, and the basement membranes of each

42
Q

How is the majority of oxygen transported in the blood?

A

Bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin

43
Q

what are the three major cartilages of the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, and the epiglottal cartilage.

44
Q

Where does gas exchange between inspired air and blood occur?

A

alveoli

45
Q

what happens when the peripheral chemoreceptors detect low oxygen levels

A

they stimulate the respiratory areas of the brain to increase breathing rate.

46
Q

what is the segment of the respiratory tract that functions as a passageway for both food and air

A

pharynx

47
Q

What is the effect of bronchoconstriction on airflow in the lungs?

A

Decreased airflow

48
Q

what is emphysema

A

The degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange.

49
Q

what would increase the rate of diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane

A
  • Greater partial pressure gradients for the gases
  • Increased surface area of the respiratory membrane
  • Thinner respiratory membrane
50
Q

Ventilating a patient with tracheotomy bypasses what parts of their respiratory system?

A

pharynx
lobar bronchi

Biomed (57 decks)

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