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Biomed > BB1701 skeletal system > Flashcards

BB1701 skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what are bones composed of?

A
  • nerves and blood
  • dense compact layer that forms an organised outer shell
  • spongy cancellous structure that consists of trabeculae
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2
Q

what is the function of bones?

A

support
movement
protection
blood cell production
mineral storage
remodelling (continually renews structure and strength)

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3
Q

function of bone cells?

A

make up bone tissue
osteoclasts break down existing bone
osteoblasts build new bone

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4
Q

role of osteoblasts?

A

transform immature osteoclasts into mature osteoclasts by emitting a cytokine that stimulates this transformation

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5
Q

how is bone remodelling initiated?

A

through changing blood calcium levels due to adequate physical stress

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6
Q

process of bone resorption?

A
  • mature osteoclasts use enzymes to remove existing bone tissue
  • these osteoclasts then release chemicals that stimulate immature osteoblasts to mature and release osteoprotegerin
  • osteoclasts are deactivated
  • bone resorption stops
  • bone formation occurs
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7
Q

process of bone formation

A
  • mature osteoblasts deposit osteoid, a matrix containing minerals, calcium and phosphorus, and collagen
  • calcium and phosphorus mineralise the osteoid and transform it into hydroxyapatite crystals
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8
Q

what influences bone remodeling

A
  • estrogen
  • it suppresses osteoclasts which inhibits resorption
  • maintains bone strength
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9
Q

how does estrogen levels effect resorption

A

when estrogen levels fall, osteoclasts are unchecked
there is increased resorption which leads to bone loss

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10
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A
  • rate of bone resorption exceeds the formation
  • trabeculae in cancellous bone become fewer and further apart
  • compact bone thin
  • bones become weak and prone to fracture
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11
Q

how can osteoporosis be treated?

A
  • vitamin d and calcium supplements maintain blood calcium levels
  • antiresorptive medication
  • anabolic medications
  • exercise
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12
Q

how does antiresorptive medication treat osteoporosis?

A

promotes bone strength and prevents osteoclast activation and excessive resorption

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13
Q

how does anabolic medication treat osteoporosis?

A

increases osteoblast activity and promote bone formation

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14
Q

how does exercise treat osteoporosis

A

weight-bearing activities
add stress to bone
promote remodelling

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15
Q

what does the skeletal system consist of?

A

tendons
ligaments
cartilage associated with joints
axial and appendicular skeleton

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16
Q

what are the different classifications of bones?

A

long
short
flat
irregular

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17
Q

features of long bones

A

longitudinal axes
expanded ends - epiphysis

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18
Q

example of long bone

A

forearm
thigh bones

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19
Q

major parts of long bone

A

epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal line
periosteum
endosteum
medullary cavity

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20
Q

feature of epiphysis

A
  • expanding ends
  • forms joint with another bone
  • nearest attachment to the proximal epiphysis
  • furthest from trunk of body is distal epiphysos
  • coated with a layer of articular cartilage
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21
Q

what is diaphysis

A

shaft of bone between epiphysis

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22
Q

what is epiphyseal plate

A

located between the epiphyses and diaphysis
region of cartilage where bone grows

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23
Q

what is epiphyseal line

A

site of former growth plate when bone no longer grows

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24
Q

what is the periosteum

A

outer covering
tough covering of dense connective tissue
encloses bone except articular cartilage on ends
helps form and repair bone tissue

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25
Q

what is the endosteum

A

line internal surfaces of bone
lines medullary cavity and spaces within spongy bone
marrow fills spaces

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26
Q

what is the medullary cavity

A

found deep in the diaphyses of long bones and are filled with yellow marrow in the adult

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27
Q

what is the macroscopic structure of long bone

A
  • periosteum
  • periosteal fibers (continuous with connecting ligaments and tendons)
  • medullary cavity
  • endosteum
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28
Q

what is the articular cartilage

A

material that protects the ends of bones in joints

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29
Q

where does growth in length occur?

A

epiphyseal plate

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30
Q

what is the medullary cavity

A

cavity within the shaft of a bone

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31
Q

what is the proximal epiphysis

A

enlarged end nearest the trunk

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32
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

shaft of the bone

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33
Q

what is the distal epiphysis

A

enlarged end farthest the trunk

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34
Q

what is the distal metaphysis

A

located in the lower (distal) part of the tibia (shin bone)

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35
Q

what is the proximal metaphysis

A

the insertion point of the confluence of tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus

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36
Q

what is the spongy bone?

A

type of bone formed by networks of trabeculae

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37
Q

what is compact bone?

A

bone composed of osteons

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38
Q

what is yellow marrow?

A

tissue containing fat

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39
Q

what is the space containing marrow?

A

holes in the bone

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40
Q

what is trabeculae

A

small struts of bone

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41
Q

what is the central canal?

A
  • tunnel located in the middle of osteons
  • contain the arterial, venous, and nervous supply for the compact bone
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42
Q

what is the perforating canal

A

tunnel in compact bone that is perpendicular to the osteon

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43
Q

what is an osteocyte

A

bone cell
osteoblasts encased in matrix

44
Q

what is canaliculus?

A

small tunnel in bone for an osteocyte process

45
Q

what is bone matrix?

A

contains calcium and collagen fibers

46
Q

what does confluence mean?

A

from anterior to posterior and superficial to deep

47
Q

how do osteocytes maintain contact with neighbouring osteocytes?

A

cellular processes contained within canaliculi

48
Q

where are lacunae found?

A

between layers of concentric circles

49
Q

what are lacunae occupies by?

A

osteocytes

50
Q

what is a sesamoid bone?

A

a small bone commonly found embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces

51
Q

function of sesamoid bones?

A

focal areas of ossification and functioning as a pulley to relieve tension within muscles and tendons

52
Q

what is an irregular bone

A

bones that vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category

53
Q

what is a short bone

A
  • cube shaped
  • contain mostly spongy bone
  • thin layer of compact bone on outer surface
54
Q

what is a flat bone

A
  • made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone
  • have a flat shape
  • have marrow
  • no bone marrow cavity.
55
Q

what is a long bone

A
  • has a shaft and 2 ends
  • longer than it is wide
  • thick outside layer of compact bone
  • inner medullary cavity containing bone marrow
  • ends of a long bone contain spongy bone and an epiphyseal line.
56
Q

function of irregular bone?

A
  • fairly complex shape helps protect internal organs/nervous tissue
  • multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment
  • maintaining pharynx and trachea support
  • tongue attachment
57
Q

function of long bone?

A
  • provide movement and structure to the upper and lower extremities.
  • interact with tendons and muscles to allow limb movement
  • act as levers to provide the most effective use of their muscles (lifting objects and fast movement)
58
Q

function of flat bone?

A
  • protect internal organs such as the brain, heart, and pelvic organs
  • provide large areas of attachment for muscles
59
Q

function of short bone?

A

provide strength, stability, and support with little movement

60
Q

examples of irregular bone?

A

vertebra, coccyx, sacrum, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, zygomatic, mandible, maxilla, inferior nasal concha, palatine, and hyoid

61
Q

examples of short bone?

A

carpal and tarsal bones

62
Q

examples of long bone?

A

humerus, clavicle, femur, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges of the hands and feet.

63
Q

examples of flat bone?

A

scapula, occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, sternum, ribs

64
Q

examples of sesamoid bone?

A

patella, hallucis, pollicis sesamoids

65
Q

What kind of connective tissue forms the outer layer in the diaphysis of a long bone?

A

compact bone

66
Q

whats the first step in the repair of a fracture?

A

blood escapes from the broken blood vessels and forms a hematoma

67
Q

what’s the second step in repair of a fracture?

A

spongy bone forms in regions close to developing blood vessels

68
Q

whats the third step in repair of a fracture?

A

a bony callus replaces fibrocartilage

69
Q

whats the last step in repair of a fracture?

A

osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring a new bone structure

70
Q

what happens when stimulus detects decrease in blood calcium levels?

A
  • cells in the parathyroid gland sense the decrease in blood calcium
  • parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone
  • osteoclasts break down bone to release calcium
  • blood calcium level is returned to normal
71
Q

what happens when stimulus detects increase in blood calcium levels?

A
  • cells in the thyroid gland sense the increase in blood calcium
  • thyroid gland releases calcitonin
  • osteoblasts deposit calcium in bones
  • blood calcium levels returned to normal
72
Q

What is a function of bone that results from its relationship with skeletal muscle?

A

Movement of limbs

73
Q

What is the role or function of yellow marrow in the bone tissue?

A

Yellow bone marrow is a site for storage of fat

74
Q

What organ is protected by bones of the axial skeleton?

A

heart

75
Q

What are some functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • protection of soft tissue
  • attachment for muscles
  • storage of inorganic salts
  • site of blood producing cells
76
Q

Which bones are part of the axial skeleton?

A

frontal bone
skull (cranial and facial bones)
ears
neck
back (vertebrae, sacrum and tailbone)
ribcage (sternum and ribs)

77
Q

which bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?

A

femur, radius, clavicle, metatarsals, ilium, hands, feet, upper extremity, lower extremity, shoulder girdle, pelvic bones

78
Q

function of the axial skeleton?

A

consists of structures that support and protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk

79
Q

function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

consists of bones that provide attachment points for muscles in the upper and lower limbs and bones that anchor the limbs to the trunk

80
Q

what are the cranial bones?

A

frontal
occipital
temporal
sphenoid
ethmoid

81
Q

what is the posterior process of bone in the vertebra

A

spinous process

82
Q

what is the lateral process of bone in the vertebra

A

transverse process

83
Q

what is the hole that contains the spinal cord in the vertebra

A

vertebral foramen

84
Q

what is the central mass of bone in the vertebra

A

the body

85
Q

what is the little foot of the vertebral arch

A

pedicle

86
Q

what is the surface for articulation with the vertebra above

A

superior articular facet

87
Q

what is the portion of vertebral arch between spinous and transverse processes

A

lamina

88
Q

order of vertebral column

A

cervical vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
sacral vertebrae
coccygeal vertebrae

89
Q

how many vertebrae in cervical region

A

7

90
Q

how many vertebrae in the thoracic region

A

12

91
Q

how many vertebrae in the lumbar region

A

5

92
Q

how many vertebrae in the sacral region

A

5 - fuses to 1

93
Q

how many vertebrae in the coccygeal region

A

4 - fuses to 1

94
Q

which skeleton has a prominent mastoid process on skull

A

male

95
Q

which skeleton has a wider pubic arch

A

female

96
Q

which skeleton has a Sacral curvature that bends sharply posteriorly

A

female

97
Q

which skeleton has a Larger acetabulum

A

male

98
Q

which part of bone tissue is responsible for resorbing bone matrix

A

osteoclasts

99
Q

which part of bone tissue is responsible for replacing bone matrix

A

osteoblasts

100
Q

What vitamin is necessary for proper absorption of calcium in the small intestines?

A

Vitamin D

101
Q

what is the true rib?

A

the ribs that directly articulate with the sternum with their costal cartilages

102
Q

what is the false rib?

A

the ribs that indirectly articulate with the sternum

103
Q

What are the concentric rings of compact bone called?

A

lamellae

104
Q

what is the extracellular matrix of bone tissue composed of?

A

Collagen and inorganic salts

105
Q

What living tissues make up a bone?

A

bone tissue
carilage
dense connective tissue
blood
nervous tissue

106
Q

What classifies a rib as a floating rib?

A

A floating rib has no sternal attachments.

Biomed (59 decks)

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