cell differentiation

Question 1

what are somatic cells?

Answer 1

majority of cells in an organism
adapted to the environment

Question 2

what do somatic cells do?

Answer 2

Determine the reproductive success of the organism

Question 3

features of somatic cells?

Answer 3

diploid
mortal
must be remade at each generation

Question 4

what are germ line cells?

Answer 4

Cells which give rise to the gametes (i.e. egg and sperm)
minority of cells in an organism

Question 5

features of germ line cells?

Answer 5

haploid
immortal

Question 6

which cells do ectoderms give rise to?

Answer 6

epidermis, nerve tissue, and nephridia

Question 7

which cells do mesoderms give rise to?

Answer 7

cartilage, muscles, and bone

Question 8

what cells do endoderms give rise to?

Answer 8

lining of the gut and associated structures

Question 9

what would make good characteristics for a model organism that could be used in studying development and cell fate?

Answer 9

• develop outside the body
• easy to work with and keep in the lab
• Eggs and embryos need to be easy to work with
• Fast to breed and develop to the adult animal
• large
• transparent
• produce a lot of eggs and embryos

Question 10

what does multipotent mean?

Answer 10

can become several cell types

Question 11

what does pluripotent mean?

Answer 11

can become most cell types

Question 12

what does terminally differentiated mean?

Answer 12

final fixed cell type

Question 13

what does totipotent mean?

Answer 13

can become all cell types

Question 14

what determines cell fate?

Answer 14

the position of the cell

Question 15

what does anterior mean?

Answer 15

top

Question 16

what does ventral mean?

Answer 16

front

Question 17

what does posterior mean?

Answer 17

bottom

Question 18

what does dorsal mean?

Answer 18

3

Question 19

what is an endoderm?

Answer 19

the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo

Question 20

what is a mesoderm?

Answer 20

the middle layer of cells or tissues of an embryo

Question 21

what is an ectoderm?

Answer 21

the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo

Question 22

what is a zygote?

Answer 22

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes

Question 23

what is a gastrula?

Answer 23

embryo when it has a hollow cup-shaped structure with three layers of cells

Question 24

what is a gamete?

Answer 24

a mature haploid male or female germ cell

Question 25

what is a karyotype?

Answer 25

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei

Question 26

what is an oocyte?

Answer 26

an egg cell

Question 27

what is a blastula?

Answer 27

an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells