digestive system Flashcards
examples of mechanical digestion and/or propulsion
peristalsis
swallowing
segmentation
mastication
bile salts
examples of chemical digestion
salivary amylase
pepsin
pancreatic lipase
what are the accessory organs in the digestive system
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder
what organs are involved in digestive tract in the digestive system
oral cavity
stomach
esophagus
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
what is the anatomical order of structures during digestion?
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus
What is segmentation?
Localized contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle that help to mix food and secretions
how many secondary teeth are in the upper jaw?
16
what is the villus
finger like fold of the villus found in the small intestine
which tissue lines small intestine?
simple columnar epithelium
what is the lacteal?
small lymphatic vessel within the villus
whats the goblet cell?
single celled mucus glands
what is the name of the inward fold of the intestinal mucosa
intestinal gland
what does the lymphatic vessel in the intestine do?
carry lymph
what’s the role of the arteriole in the small intestine?
small vessel that carries blood towards the villi
what’s the role of the venule in the small intestine?
small vessel that carries blood away from the villi
what structures are associated with the large intestine?
rectum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
cecum
what structures are associagted with the small intestine?
jejunum
ileum
duodenum
which secretions enters the GI tract from the mouth?
salivary amylase
which secretions enter the GI tract from the stomach?
pepsinogen
HCl
gastric lipaxe
intrinsic factor
which secretions enter the GI tract from the duodenum?
pancreatic amylase
bile
trypsin
chymotrypsin
pancreatic lipase
what leads to bile secretion?
- chyme with fat enters the duodenum
- cholecystokinin CCK secreted
- CCK stimulate gallbladder wall to contract
- bile moves through ducts to duodenum
- hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxes
step 1 of the process of deglutition (swallowing)?
- the tongue makes the food into a bolus
step 2 of the process of deglutition (swallowing)?
- the tongue pushes the newly formed mass towards and into the pharynx
step 3 of the process of deglutition (swallowing)?
- a relflex occurs that elevates the soft palate closing off the nasal cavity
step 4 of the process of deglutition (swallowing)?
- the epiglottis closes off the top of the larynx so food doesnt enter the trachea
step 5 of the process of deglutition (swallowing)?
peristaltic wave moves the food down the esophagus to the stomach
After absorption from the digestive tract, all monosaccharides are converted by liver enzymes to __________.
glucose
What is the primary use of triglycerides by the body?
energy source
What are the functions of cholesterol in the body?
- precursor for some hormones
- precursor for bile salts
- structural component of cell membranes
In order for an amino acid to be used for fuel or to produce glucose, it must first undergo __________.
deamination
What is a complete protein?
A dietary protein that provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids to maintain life and support growth
which reflex moves feces into rectum out the body
defecation reflex
how does the defecation reflex work?
- feces are moved into the rectum by peristaltic waves or increased internal abdominal pressure
- internal anal sphincter relaxes
- another reflex occurs where spinal cord assists in increasing abdominal pressure and squeezing the rectum
- external anal sphincter relaxes
- feces move out
In the small intestine, _______ impulses stimulate peristaltic movements while ________ impulses inhibit movements.
parasympathetic
sympathetic
digestive process
- begins with ingestion of food
- food is digested
- once food is broken down into chemical subunits absorption occurs
- indigestible residues and some non-reabsorbed secretions of the digestive organs, are moved into the large intestine, where fluids are removed and a semi-solid mass is created.
- finally defecation
what is digestion
Breaking down food, first mechanically and then chemically
why does absorption occur
move nutrients from digestive tract into blood or lymph
which minerals are important electrolytes for muscle and nerve function
sodium
potassium
calcium
The first stage of swallowing involves the tongue moving the bolus of food into the __________. This process is a(n) __________ action.
- oropharynx
- voluntary
What is the correct order of vessels as blood flows through the liver?
Sinusoids, central vein, hepatic vein
What are functions of saliva?
- cleanses mouth and teeth
- dissolves molecules so they can be tasted
- aids in swallowing
Nerve impulses from the __________ nervous system elicit the secretion of a large volume of watery saliva when a person sees, smells, tastes, or even thinks about appealing food.
parasympathetic
Increased peristaltic activity in the small intestine is due to __________ nervous stimulation and distension of the __________ wall.
parasympathetic
stomach
What is an effect of secretin on the pancreas?
The pancreas releases more bicarbonate in the pancreatic juice.
