Test 2 History Flashcards
The "Roaring Twenties" to WWII
Why The “Roaring Twenties”
Fast Economic growth, and social norms began changing to those that we have today.
Isolationism
people want to be on their won outside of world affairs
Xenophobia
People are afraid of foreigners
Evidence of Isolationism and Xenophobia
- U.S. Rejects treaty of Versailles and “League of Nations”
Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge
Led Isolationism policy in congress. He was a strongly opposed to the treaty of Versailles and “League of Nations
Woodrow Wilson
He goes out to get support for the Treaty of Versailles, but gets a stroke during the campaign and is paralyzed for life. Wife was to take up job as president to keep the event a secret.
Red Scare
1917–Vladimir Lenin(1917-1924) (Russia)
Gov. took over a private property and religions
Became atheist society
“Red & Whites” Civil War in Russia
U.S. looks for “Reds”
Created F.BI. in 1924 for this purpose
Looks for Communists, Socialists, and Anarchists as they are all “Red”
F.B.I.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Founded in 1924
J. Edgar Hoover was the director of the Bureau from its founding until his death.
To be an FBI agent one needed to have a Law or CPA degree
Ku Klux Klan
Spreads to the North due to the fact that many blacks migrated North
Hatred grows to include Jews & Catholics
Mexican-Americans
Become targets of racism, as many Mexicans left because of the civil war in Mexico. People hated them because they brought wages down, even thought they were working for almost nothing (less than the average white person).
Changes in U.S. Immigration Laws
Previous policy was open doors, which meant anyone could come in as long as they were not mentally ill. Now only a few immigrants were allowed in. In 1921 the Emergence Quote Act gave every country a quote of how many immigrants could come in from that country for that year. However, the total number of immigrant could not exceed 350K
The 1924 Immigration act cut down that number to 220K
And the 1929 National Origins Act cut down to 150K and didn’t allow any Asians to the Nation
Rapid increase in prosperity
The Roaring Twenties
Discretionary Income
The Roaring Twenties
Most American families own a car
The Roaring Twenties
Most American families lived in Urban cities
The Roaring Twenties
Urban 250K
Electrical Appliances common in house
The Roaring Twenties Washing machine radio toaster vacuum Electricity most used at the U.S.
Skyscrapers built
The Roaring Twenties
Chrysler Building
Empire State Building
Women enter works force in large numbers
The Roaring Twenties
Women vote
1920
The Roaring Twenties
Women change style
The Roaring Twenties "Bobbed Hair" style comes out begin to wear perfume, lipstick, and other cosmetics women began to smoke and drink ideal beauty for women changed Flapper girl is their ideal beauty
Golden age of movies
The Roaring Twenties
talking movies begun
movie attendance was highest
Not all groups were progressing economically
Dark side of roaring twenties
farmers were loosing the most money
many farmers became tenant farmers
Very high crime
Dark side of roaring twenties
due to the 18th amendment of prohibition
moonshine–when people would go out and make beer at night, mostly done by farmers
bathtubgin–make beer at the bathtubs
Speak Easies–At night they turn apartment to a nightclub, but people had to speak easy to avoid getting caught
Smuggling of Alcahol
done by al capone and Joseph Kennedy
Joseph Kennedy
Famous smuggler from sicily. The sicily mafira took over organized crime
Al Capone
Leader of organized crime, prostitution, gambling, extortion/”protection racket”
FBI hunts mafia
Period of “Disillusionment”
people didn’t that the U.S. was becoming Materialistic
Dark side of roaring twenties
Writers
The lost generation of writers
F Scott Fitzgerald
The Great Gatsby
The Beautiful and the Land
This side of Paradise
Drank himself to death
Ernest Hemingway
Farwell to arms
The sun also rises
For whom the bell tolls
very wealthy writer and lived in Paris, Havana, and key west. Committed suicide just like father and even used same gun dad used.
Sinclair Lowis
Main Street and Rabbit
Artists
George Bellows–Realism artist
“Ash Can” schools–group of artists to show optimism of urban life.
Musicians
Two new styles of music become famous
blues
jazz
Jazz
home to New Orleans
Blues
came from the slave days as the slaves sang them
Charles Dupont
Founder of U.S. Chemical Industry
Al Jolson
Starred in 1st Talking Movive in the world called Jazz Singer
harles Lindberg
Famous for being first man to fly solo across atlantic ocean in the spirit of st Louis
became famous and wealthy and criminals took wife and baby, wife recovered, but baby was dead.
Richard Byrd
Flies to south pole
fliest to north pole, but they didn’t really make it, but they just lie to the people and say that they do
Jack Dempsey
Best boxy of age
Babe Ruth
most famous and best baseballer
Recession
A shrkinking of the Economy (GDP) for two successive financial quarters (6 montsh) or more.
Depresion
NO exact definition, but when the economy shrinks even more than a recession and lasts longer
Stock Market
America had 2 main stock market in 1929. NYSE (The Largest) and the American Stock Exchange, both exchanges are located on wall street. Today there is a 3rd NASDAQ( National Association of Stock Dealers–Automated Quotations) and specialized in high-tech stocks
The “Wall street crash”
On Oct. 29th, 1929 and is known as “Black Thursday” stocks plummeted on that day. JP Morgan and other rich men, tried to stop the crass the previous 8 days by buiying up the stocks on sale, but they ran out of money on the 29th and the stock market crashed. stocks lost 25% of their value in 2 weeks and 90% of their value in one year.
Bans went bankrupt and closed their doors
Results of the crash of ‘29
people lost their money
Life insurance companies went bankrupt and could no longer pay money to widows and other beneficiaries
Results of the crash of ‘29
Retirement funds go broke
Results of the crash of ‘29
most retirees would only collect 10% of their retirement benefits
Bank foreclosure
Results of the crash of ‘29
forclosure on home and famr mortgages. people were thrown into the street
Factories close
Results of the crash of ‘29
thousands of factories close and lay off their workers. Since Americans (Suddenly Poor) could not afford to buy cars, tractors, appliances, new clothes.
Unemployment
Results of the crash of ‘29
Rose to 12-15 million by 1933–the worst year of the depression
What caused the depression
High Protective Tariffs excessive borrowing farmers problems over production too much money with the rich "boom or bust" nature of business
High Protective Tariffs
Passed to keep foreign goods out of the U.S. and caused for other countries to increase tariffs in retaliation and international trade slowed.
excessive borrowing
americans bought too an hosues, cars and other goods on credit, when trouble started they couldn’t pay back the loans and banks went broke
farmers problems
40% of americans were farm families and because of low food prices the farmers could not buy much. they were poor consumers
over production
Americas factories were producing too many goods and no one was buying them
too much money with the rich
couldn’t spend all their money so they put it in the stock market and companies used it to build more and more factories even though there was already over production.
“boom or bust” nature of business
about every 20 to 30 years there is a recession or depression
Great Depression side notes
quickly spread world-wide
Oklahoma and Arkansas were the two worse hit states as they also suffered dust storms. Oklahoma lost 1/4 of its population, these “Okies” moved to California where they were unwanted. a famous book about this was john Steinbeck’s the grapes of wrath
unemployment insurance or social security didn’t exist millions of people had to depend on family members, churches, charity, or even begging to survive
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
President from 1932-1945
president from election until death
congress passes amendment to only 2 terms per president
FDR as a man
Kinckerbocker
welthey family
father vice president of RR
father became diplomant
fluent in French and german from travels with family
attended Groton school in conneticut
attended Harvard
colummbia law
nyc lawyer
Eleanor Roosevelt marries fdr
democrat
fdr became assistant sec. of naby
fdr in charge of mines in north sea and became friends with Churchill during wwi
fdr got polio and left him parylized waist down
fdr in ny is first to offer welfare duing great depression
to diliver speech as campaign he would stand after in office he wouldn’t stand
Bank Holiday
closed banks to find unsafe banks and closed about 2500 banks and rest were well off and lasted throught the depression (most)
Fire-side chats
we have nothing to fear, but fear itself
hundred days
meet everyday for 100 days to pass legislation
passes the new deal program slogan
trying to create an American that is fair
AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Act
silver will back up dollars, and dollar is worth less
farmers were benefited
mass killings of animals
killed very pregnant pig
taken up by dept. of Agriculture
make pigs scare to bring up price of pigs
dairy cattel
millions of ‘em killed and dairy product prices rise
agents would come in and pay farmers not to grow things in a marked area to bring up prices
SEC
Security and Exchange commission to police the stockmarket
TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority
poorest area was the Tennessee valley, which included hill billy country
built dams to create electricity and attract industry
imporoved log industry for electic pole improved copper industry for wires
Declared unconstitutional for government didn’t have a right to produce electricity and gov. had to sell company
CCC
Civilian Conservation Corps
run by harry Hopkins
helped young men find jobs
live in tent cities, free food, small allowance
moved around country in tent cities and completed conservation jobs
build tree lines in great plains
plant trees to make cities look beautiful
WPA
Works Progress Administration
led by harry Hopkins
employ 4 million people
largest of all “New Deal”
had them build over 5,000 schools 6K suwege treatment plants
260K miles of rads and highways
artist had hard time as there was no money
artitst were hired by WPA to beautify the city
writes write about town
muscians hiredto give free concerts
NYA
National Youth Administration
HIred middle/high school studetns to work in their school
help secretaries, café., help janitors, help ground keepers
hire 4
Texas NYA was run by LBJ
REA
Rural Electrification Adminstration
1 in 7 farms had electricity
FDR and Hopkins decide to pay for 90% of frams to have electricity. Telephones then connect farms, as the cost to connect them dropped after they had electricity
PWA
Public Works Administration Built most of Americas prisons Most prisons have been replaced built most bridges hydroelectric dams military bases city halls and post offices ariports every city got to pick one miningful project and Brownsville built port of Brownsville between 1934-1936
FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.
seen at banks
prevent people from loosing money from bank
first guaranteed 2500
guarantees 250000 today
if bank is robed FBI will investigate FDIC protected bank
Social Security act of 1935
Make U.S. life less stressful
1. unemployment insurance
If you loose your job thorugh no fault of your own
2. Payment for people with disabilities
Each county will have doctrs to decide houw much disability a person has.
3. Retirement benefits to people over 65
6.2% of earnings goes to retirement fund
6.2% more if employer has more than 8 workers
12.4% total of what you make
WWII
Allies: U.S. Britain Russia France Axis: Germany Italy Japan
Fascism
State important not people
Italy first Fascist state
Benito Mussolini
Father was a blacksmith
Mother Elementary School teacher
His first job was elementary teacher
became solider, journalist, political leader
creates the “blackshirts” to bueat up communists
carried out “caster oil” forcing people to drink full bottle of caster oil
given power by kind in 1922
promises to retrun greatness of rome and get new empire and make the mediterrenean an Italian lake
and make the “trains run on time”
Adolf Hitler
Austrian
Spoke German with accent
father was high customs officer
father was brutal, and a lot older than mother
father’s name was schicklegruber
father was bastard
good grade school student
hitler wanted to go to college
father forced him to go to tech shool
mother supports hitler for drawing career after death of dad
lied to mom about being accepted to Vienna academy school of arts, to get monthly allowance
got cought and was cought off from allowance and lived a poor life until wwi when he goes into the war and becomes among the best messengers in wwi
during wwi he got the iron cross of bravery
hitler went blind, but really got histerical blindness
hilter selected among the bst soliders and kept in army
given polictial spy in german army after wwi
attended national socialist party to spy on them, but soon joined them and became their leader
founded the brownshirts in 1923 and treis to take control over munich, but failed, and borsnshirts went to prison. Wrote mein kampf, my struggle, containing hitler’s main ideas, wrote it in prison
Mein Kampf
Main ideas
classification of races
believed arian race was above all others
all other races can maintain culure, not create culture
jews destroy colutre and needed to be exterminated
2. lebensraum (livingroom)
Germany deserves more land and promised to get it
3. heartland theory
4. Third Reich
Reich means everyone who speech german is in german borders and it’s only happened 2 times before and will 1,000 years was his goal
Nazi party
grew quick during depression women forced to be at home and ment take over those jobs jews give up jobs autobahns built by unemployed volkwagen industry growns grow army turn all power to hitler in 1933
Emperor Hirohito
Emperor of Japan, but was more of a puppet as he wasn’t a strong emperor
Gen. Hideki Tojo
Gen. of the Army co-leader of Japan
Adm. Isokura Yamamoto
Adm. of the Navy co-leader of Japan
Japan
Army and navy take over gov.
they want resourcd and empire they don’t have
1931 toake manchura and rename it Manchukuo
1937 invade china taking Beijing, Shanghai, Nanking
Nanking
Huge City with great walls around it, and asked people to surrender and they wont fight. THese a fight thought, and took control of city. Rape women, 200k raped and 300-400k men murdered by being buried alive
Gov. evacuated to chungking
Joseph Stalin
successful bank robber, with rpceeds going to Soviet party
Killed 10 million in Purges trying to get rid of unwanted people in the communist party for the sake of the party
Stalin held show trials to invite reports
killed governors, military leaders, kill anyone who would challenge his power.
German Steps that lead to war
1935--Germany remilitarizes Luftwaffe--ariforce Kreigmarine--Navy wenrmacht--army France and Britain Appease or give in
1938
Germany annexed Austria, and Czechoslovakia
1939
demands Poland
obtains polish unifroms and mass produces them, and then tricks people into thinking that Poland invade them, by dressing criminals in those unifroms and then killing them, and pretend they killed them in selfdefense, and thus, they declare war.
WWII
September 1, 1939
Blitzkreig
Panzar Tank
soldiers walkj behind them
stuka divebomber
German Campaing
Plnd–Defreated in 1 month
Denmark–defeated in 16 hours
Norway–defeated in 1 month
Netherlands–Netherlands blew up dikes to flood country and stop invasion, but german soldier had lifejackets with them, and were able to float an survive, so Netherland falls
Belgium falls
France falls in 1 month
Battle of Britain summer of 1940
3500 barges built to carry 2 tanks and several hundred soldiers
but it was more a battle of air forces
3,500 airplanes for the germans
1400 ariplanes for the british
RAF is very well prepared and stops the invasion by destroying most of the german airplanes
they had spitfire equipped planes, and only used 18-24 aged fighet pilots and shot down 7:1 winning the air battle
Operation Barbarosa
greatest invasion in history
army group north–target Leningrad
army group center–Moscow
army group south–Stalingrad
siege of Leningrad
900days
1million Leningraders died
Siege of Moscow
outside of Moscow never entered city
Siege of Stalingrad
Turning point of war in Europe
Germany surrounded the city, then the Russian army surrounds the German army, and the German army cant leave and they have to surrender as they have lost.
Cash and Carry policy
1939
pay good in cash and they have to carry the goods
Lend-Lease
1941
lend arms to Britain and Russia but they will return goods after war
Atlantic Conference
August 1941
FDR and Churchill plan on how to win war together. meeting to be held at Argetia, Newfoundland. Churchill had a look a like deceive people
FDR had a look alike on a yacht, to trick people into thinking the president was out on a vacation
Atlantic Charter
Germany First Policy 80% effert to win over Germany 20% effort to win over Japan Not seek territorial gains from war work together to extablish international organization to keep peace and prevent 3rd world war and create the U.N.
Japanese Opportunities
The British Colonies unproteted: Hongkong Singapore Malaysia Burma India Australia French Colonies Unprotected: French Indochina Vietnam Laos Cambodia Netherlands Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)
1940
U.S. Declares Embargo on Japan over Scrap Metal, Petroleum, Aviation Gasoline
Sep 6, 1941
Japanese Conference
negotiate lift of embargo for three months if not attack U.S. pacific fleet in Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
9 U.S. Pacific battleships were sunk, but U.S. 3 pacific aircraft carriers escaped
U.S. declares war on Axis powers
War production board
run by Bernard Baruch Homes cant be bult cars not built tires rationed 35 miles/hour speed limit to save gas women not allowed to wear tight sweaters as it caused too many accidents U.S. builds great pipeline system built intercostal waterway
War in Europe–North African Campaign
Operation Torch
U.S. lands on June, 1942 at Oran, Algiers, Casablanca
Afrika Corps led by Gen. Erwin Rommel “The Desert Fox” (Germany)
defeated and was the Frist victory at N. Africa
War in Europe–Italian Campaign
Fighting goes on to end of war. Mussulini is hanged on meat hooks and is beat to death. Italy surrenders in 5 days after operation.
Air War
Destroy German industrial capacity
Break morale of German people
attack the Ruhr industrial center
U.S. Bombs by day and British by night
British Choose 46 largest cities and destroy them all
bobs are incendiary or fire causing bombs
Bombing helped waken Germany
Ruhr Industrial Center
Located along the Ruhr river in Germany where most of the industries are located in Germany
Norden Bombsight
hit precise the target by early computer loaded on the American planes
Firestorm
happened at Dresden and hamburg
the whole city cathched fire and the air rose from heat and people suffocated an then air comes in to fill in vacuum at 100-200 mph
Battle at the Atlantic
Over 600 U-Boats
200 are in line over Atlantic ocean
U-Boats sank about 2K ships
1943 average sink 4 ships per day, but U-boats were defeated by: convoy system, airborne radar & Leigh light, and blimps
D-Day
Jun 6, 1944 British and American Landing in France and is the largest sea invasion in history. They use 4K ships 11K airplane and get 2 million men under Gen. Dwight Eisenhower to invade Normandy Utah, Omaha} U.S. take these Gold, Sword} British Juno} Canada 155k soldiers on the shore 20k tanks and trucks 7,200 men made it on the first day, but most made it in
December 25, 1944
Germany counterattacks at battle of the Bulge as Germany tries to split U.S. and British, but U.S. and U.K. “pop” the bulge like a pimple.
Invasion of Germany
Russia takes German capital of Berlin
April 30, 1945 Hitler Kills himself and he has a gather of his closest friends and marries Eva Braun
After being poisoned they shoot themselves and then the bodyguard burn the bodies
May 8, 1945 Germany Surrenders
V-E day–Victory in Europe Day
Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
Created by the Japanes
Watned to take over all the Islands in the Pacific Ocean so they could prosper under that Japanese empire
Main region to conquer was Singapore
owned by the british
it was a mighty fortress
and it ws nicknamed “the Bibraltar of Asia” or “The Gibraltar of the Pacific”
Fall of the Philippines
United States sent Gen. Douglas McArthur
Gen. MacArthur combined the Philippine and American army to maintain control of island
December 8, 1941 Japan attacks the Philippines
Gen. retreats to Bataan Peninsula where he tried to hold out from the battle.
U.S. government kept sending letter to him stating that they will soon send in back-up so they wouldn’t surrender.
Bataan Death March forced upon by the Japanese army on the American’s and they were forced to march or they would be short, around 7,000 soldiers died from this event
U.S. Strategy for winning the Way in Asia-Pacific
Keep China fighting
America would continue to send in weapons through the Burma Road to the Chinese so they would hold down ½ of the Japanese army. The American’s would deal with the other half of the Japanese army.
America was going to use a 2-Pronged Attack:
First prong: They would have an Australian-American army lead by General Douglas McArthur.
Their route: Australia-»New Guinea-»Philippines-»Japan.
Second prong: The American army and Marines led by Admiral Chester Nimitz
Their route: Islands of Central Pacific-»Japan
“Island Hopping”
U.S. will take all island that surround strongly controlled Japanese islands to isolate them from supplies and starve them. The Japanese main ause of death is due to starvation not because of gunshorts
1/20 Jap.. soldier died
U.S. Sub warfare campaigin
Japanese would have very little fuel for factories and transportation and army as the fuel and the other arms needed would be cut off from Japan
Battle of Midway
June, 1942
Turning point in the war of the Pacific, after this we never lost a battle.
Midway was the midway, and it was a strategic refueling stop.
Japan tries to take over it but fails and our 3 aircraft carriers sink 4 of theirs and only one of ours was destroyed
Battle of Guadalcanal and Solomon Islands
August 1942- lasts about a year
American victory; very costly
Battle of Leyte Gulf
LARGEST NAVAL BATTLE IN HISTORY
Took place in the Philippines…
U.S. destroyed most of the Japanese fleet
After this battle the army and marines landed ashore
General McArthur said “I have returned”
Japanese said “they would destroy everything sacred to the Phillipinos”.
Route to the Phillipines
Guam, Saipan, Tinian
Purpose for these islands they produced “B-29 super fortress ”
Started a massive bombing campaign
3 Japanese cities were never bombed
Kyoto (cultural center for the Japanese), Hiroshima (lucky city for never been bombed (yet) and the surrounding areas would be bombed), and Nagasaki
The Manhattan Project
Called this way so the spies wouldn’t think that the American government was working on a bombing project
Letter from Albert Einstein (German Jew)
Leading Mathmatician and nuclear physist at the time.
In 1949 he mailed FDR and told him the Germans were working on a nuclear bomb.
This project was led by J. Robert Oppenheimer
He is known as the “Father of the atomic bomb”
He made a list of 200 mathematicians and scientists from Britain and America he wanted to work on this project.
They were taken to Los Alamos, New Mexico.
By the summer of 1945, they produced 3 atom bombs
The Gadget
this was a test device, they put it up on a tall tower in Alamogordo, New Mexico, as soon the scientists tested and it worked they notified the president but by this time FDR had died so they notified Harry Truman
“Little Boy”
This used uranium, On August 6, 1945 they attacked Hiroshima (after 9 a.m. so they could have A LOT of people in the center of the city.
78,000 people killed
14,000 of these people were vaporized
Fat Man
this used plutonium… this bomb as well as “Little Boy” were taken to high altitudes using “Eriola Gay” (an airplane)
August 8, 1945
Russia declared war on Japan
August 9, 1945
Dropped “Fat Man” in Nagasaki killed 45,000 people
August 10, 1945
Japan sent message they would surrendered
August 14, 1945
“V-J Day” (Victory over Japan Day)
