ChildPsych Test 1 Flashcards
Child Development
The process of humand evelopment from conception to 18 years of age, usually seen as involving the domins of physical, cognitive, and social and emotional development
Physicla growth ad health
the developmental domain that includes motor development and physical health and illness
Cognitive development
the developmental domain that includes thinking and reasonoing skills and language development
Domains in Child Development
Physical, Cognitive and Social
Periods of Child Development
Prenatal, Infancy and Toddlerhood, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood
Nature
the inherited or genetic characteristic of a person
Nurture
the characteristic of a person’s environment that affects development
Continuity
in child development, the idea that changes are gradual and occur little by little over time
Discontinuity
in child development, the idea that changes are dsudden nd qualitative rather than gradual and quantitative
Tabula Rasa
Litterally, “Blank Slate”, usually associated with Locke’s view that the child’s midn is a blank slate that will be written upon only by experience
Maturation
A predetermined, natural course of growth that is similar for all member of a species
psychoanalysis
a method of psychotherapy invented by Freud, in which patients describe dreams and tell the therapist whatever comes into their midns in a stream of consciousness, and in which the hterapist attempts to bring unconscious motives and emotions into consciousness
oral stage
in freuds theory, the first stage of development, which occurs duringthe first year of life, and in which pleasure is centered on the mouth and on feeding
anal stage
in freud’s theory, the stage of development when pleasure centers on the anal region of the body, usually 1-3 years of age
Phallic stage
in Freud’s theory, the third stage of development, which occurs from 3 to 6 years of age, and in which pleasure is centered on the genitals
Latency stage
in freud’s theory, the stage of psychosexual development that occurs during middle childhood, when psychosexual needs seem to subside and energies are directed toward activities outside their bodies
Genital Stage
In Freud’s theory, the final stage of psyschosexual devlopment, beginning in adolescence, in which pelasure is centerd on the genitals and is obtained from genital stimulation, as in sexual intercourse.
Psychosexual stages of Freud’s theory
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Id
That part of the psyche that contains uncounscious motives and desires
Ego
the part of the psyche that is the conscious overserer of daily activites that ego ust mediate between the demands of the id and strictures of the superego
Superego
the part of the psyche that contains the moral and ethical sense; the conscience
basic trust versus mistrust
In erickson’s theory of psychosocial development, the first stage, in which infants either learn or do not learn that people can be trusted and that the world’s safe
Autnomy versus shame and doubt
In ericksons theory, the second stage of devleopment, in which toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sene of themselves as independent actors
unconditional simulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that causes a reflexive response before any learning has taken place, for example, food causes salivation
conditioned stimulus
a previously neutral stimulus that takes on meaning thorugh the process of classical conditionioning
unconditioned response
A reflexive response that occurs before any learning has taken place; for example salivating in response to food
conditioned response
a response learned via classical conditioning
classical conditioning
the process of learning thorugh which a nuetral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimlus so that the organism comes to responsd to the former as though it were the latter
behaviorists
theorists of child development who focus on processes of learning and who tend to emphasize the malleability of human behavior
operant conditioning
the process of learning in which the tendency to perfom a particular behavior is gradually strenghtened thorugh its asoociation with reinforcement
reinforcement
in operant conditioning, a stimlus that follows ap articual behavior and increase the proability of repition of that behavior; for examled, candy might be use to reward children for correct behavior
socia learning theory
a theory of devlopment in th behaviorist tradion that emphasizes malleability of human behavior through learning, with speical emphaisis on the importance of learning thorugh observation of the behavior of others.
social-cognitive theory
bandura’s name to replacesocial learning theory as a result of his more recent emphasis on slef-efficacy and a cognitive explanation of learning
cognitive devlopment theory
piaget’s theory of cognitive development in which children are active learners, consutructing their own unesrstnaidn of the world
