Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

School > CogPsychTest 1 > Flashcards

CogPsychTest 1 Flashcards

1
Q

attention

A

cognitive processes that allow us to concentrate on one set of events in our environment while ignoring other events; it controls our mental environment by choosing the events that enter our consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

attentional blink

A

the moment when a person is shifting focus and is unable to attend fully to a new target event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

attentional processing

A

processing an event within the first second after it is captured by sensory storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

attentional spotllight

A

the cognitive ability to focus or sharpen attention on a previously peripheral stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

A

a neurabehavioral disorder that manisfests itself in symptoms such as restlessness, distractiblity, inattention, and difficulty in self control. Pepole with ADHD focus on too many stimuli and have diffculty filtering out unneccessary information in their environment, and are therefore easily distracted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

automatic processes

A

processing that leads to decsions that are nt consciously controlled and which require inimal atetnional resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

behaviorist

A

a scientist who looks exclusievely at observable actions (what can be seen) rather than hypothesizing about ental process (what cannot be seen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

capacity

A

the amount of information a memeyr system can hold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

capacity theory of attention

A

the idea that attention is a resource distributed among tasks and that the ability to focus attention varies with the number and complexity of tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

change blindness

A

the inability to notice changes between similar scenes or pictures unless they are compared side by side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

closed skill

A

a task that can be realiably accomplished under a variety of predicatable circumstances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cocktail-party phenomenon

A

the ability to shift attention immediately when a word or voice from a peripheral stream of speech “grabs” your attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Coding

A

how infomration is retained in a memory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cognition

A

those process by which the sensory input is tranformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the scientific study of the relationship between brain structures, neurological activity, and cognitive function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the branch of psychlogy that identifies our mental processes and how they affect our ability to interact with the world around us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cognitive science

A

an interdisciplinary field that ebraces research and theory from many areas of specialization (e.g., anthropology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, philosophy, as well as cogntivie psychology and cognitive neurosceince) and is devoted to studying mental activity and intelligent behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

controlled processing

A

processing that requires conscious, attnetional resources, in contrast with automatic processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

corpus collosum

A

the largest of a collection of fibers (commissures) that connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cortex

A

the outer surface of the brain, composed of cell bodies and their axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

duration

A

the length of time information is held in memory sistem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

early-selection filter

A

active when attention is captured by the physical properties of the stimlus (e.g., someone coughing during a leture).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

electroencephalogaphy

A

the oldest neuroimaging techinque in which a cap containing electrodes is placed on a person’s head; the electrodes reflect the total electrical output of neurons near them, which varies according to the person’s state of arousal. This activity is shown as wavest hat vary in height (amplitude) and how rapidly they repeat (frequency). EEG identifies broad ares of the brain involvedi n specific cognitive events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

event-related potentionals

A

momentary chagnes in the EEG signal that occu as an immediate response to something the participant has observed or thought about.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

focused attentional processing

A

the process by which the atttentional system deeply process stimuli in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

fogetting

A

the inability to recall information in a memory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

forebrain

A

the outer portion of the brain that surrounds the midbrian and is composed of the cortex; the forebrain regulates higher mental process, such as complex learning, memor, thought, and language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

frontal lobe

A

lobe of the brain that performs many functions, especially those related to memory, problem solving, and ocmmunication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

functional magnetic resonansce imaging

A

a neuroimaging techniique that locates areas of cognitive activity by measuring blod changes, called BOLD response. This electromagnetic system creates an image of the electical activity by indirectly measuring the amound of blood flow and therefore the amount of brain activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

gestalt psychology

A

the study of principles that determine how people’s perception of the hwole is derived fomr their percpetion of individual parts

31
Q

habituation

A

sitution in which we do not orient toward a stimulus because it is no longer novel and does not capture our attention

32
Q

hemisphere

A

split down the middle, form front to back, the brain contains two hemispheres, each serving different cognitive functions

33
Q

hemispheric neglect

A

an attentional (not visual) disease in which individuals are only able to see half of what they should be able to see (i.e, the right visual field only) Hemineglect is a symptom of a broader neurological difficulty (parietal lobe syndrome)

34
Q

hindbrain

A

the bottom or ventral portion of the brian, which controls automatic process that regulate life-support funcitons, such as breathing, heart rate, swalloing, an sleep cycles

35
Q

human factors

A

research hat focuses on our mental capcities and how they contrain our actions, which helps us to perfrom tasks more efficiently and safeyl

36
Q

inattentional blindness

A

falliure to notice stimuli when the focus of attention is elsewhere (e.g., performing two attenitona-demanding tasks simultaneously, such as driving and talking on a cell phone).

37
Q

information processing

A

a way of thinking about human behavior: analyzing the flow of events, in both our external and internal environments, shows how past knowledge helps us understand present events

38
Q

late-selection filter

A

the unconscious retention of stimuli not necessarily related to current mental process, but always relevant or pertinent (e.g., the sound of your name, the odor of gas, someone yelling fire)

39
Q

late-selection theory

A

this theory presumesthat even supposedly unattended stimuli enter the sensory storage system and are only filtered out late in the process if not relevant

40
Q

localization of function

A

a hypothesis that different fucntions of thought are performed in different areas in the brain and only those areas can control it

41
Q

masking

A

when events occur siultaneously, or less than 80msec apart, the second event can interfere wit hteh first event and displace it form sensory storage: one event hides the other from conscious awereness

42
Q

memory

A

the mental operations that store information as well as recover and retreive it at appropriate times

43
Q

midbrain

A

the middle portion of the brain, which serves a sa relay center for sensroy information entering the brain, such as hearing and vision; a bundle of fibers assocaited with voluntary movement also passes thorugh the midbrain

44
Q

mindlessnes

A

failing to evalutate what you are doing; performing activites by rote (note paying attention)

45
Q

neurogensis

A

a process in which brain cells grow new connections, which occurs before birth and thorughout life

46
Q

neuroimaging

A

methods that reveal the structure and functioning of the brain and show the relationship between neurological activity and cognitive processes

47
Q

neurons

A

specialized cells in the brain composed of three parts (a) cell body that process and transmits information; (b) fibers, called dendrites, tha conduct input to the cell body; and © an axon that conducts celectircal activity from the cell bdoy to a junction with other cells called a synapse.

48
Q

neurotransmitters

A

packets of chemicals that fill the gaps (synapses) between neurons electical signal is transmitted via the axon

49
Q

occipital lobe

A

the area of the cortex that does the comples job of processing signals fro mthe eyes

50
Q

open skills

A

a task that requries conscious attention to perfomr in unpredicatble circumstances (e.g., swimming in a bakyard pool vs. swimming in the ocean).

51
Q

orienting reflexes

A

the basic biological reaction to turn our attention to any change in the enviornment; a universal component of the human cognitive architechture

52
Q

parietal lobes

A

each hemishphere contains one (Locate aboce the occipital lobe) that registers sensory experienes such as touch, taste, and sight

53
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

an irreversible neurodegenrative diseas casued by the death of dopmain-producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain; a classic sysmtom is muscle tremors. Advanced stages of the diseas are accompanied by by attentional deficits, such as difficuly enagning in a na ctivity that is not well learned or fomulating a hypothesis, suppressing a habitual resosne or resisting temptation, or staying focus on a task

54
Q

partial report procedure

A

a method in which a person I aksed to recall particullar items in a briefly presented array of mutile items

55
Q

positron emission tomography

A

a neuroimaging technique in which a radioactive dose of clucose is injected into the bloodstream that emits particles called postirons as it is procesd by neurons. Blood flow to specific aras of the brain can then be indirectly measrued when the brain is scanned to detect enery released when the postitrons interacct with the electrongs of the brain cells. this technique is helpful in determining the specific parts of the brain that are involved uring ca cognitive event

56
Q

preattentive processing

A

the ability to focus on a relevent event to the exlusion of all else, which can happen so quickly that the perceie is unaware of all the stimuli that have been excluded

57
Q

precategorical storage

A

sensory information that has been stroed before it can be categorized

58
Q

repetition blindness

A

a decrease in the ability to perceive repeated stimuli during a rapid serial presention of events

59
Q

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

rTMS is a neuroimaging techinque that influences an area of the brain by creating a weak electrical curent using magnets over a person’s head. Repetitive magnetic pulses can increase or decreas a specific brain area’s activity, which helps identify that area’s function

60
Q

response latency (response time; reaction time)

A

the amount of time tit taks for participants to make a response; usually considered the time betwee nthe moemtn a stimulus is presented and the moemnt a participant makes a response

61
Q

saccades

A

ballistic movemtns of the eyes that permit rapid visual fixation from one point to another, at which time most information is gathered

62
Q

sensory information storage

A

a buffer memory system that hosts an incoming streatm of infomration long enough for us to pay attention to it and seperates incoming infomraiotn from everything else occuring in our cognitive systme we are rearely conscious of its action in everyday life.

63
Q

simultanagnosia

A

a neuropsychological condition, sometimes caused by stoke, in which the individual is unable to recognize two or more objects at the same time (also referred to as Balint’s syndrom)

64
Q

span of apprehension

A

what we can attent to at one time without an incredible effort of attetnion

65
Q

split brain

A

a condition that results when one hemisphere of the brain has little knowledge of the singals of the other hemisphere; this occurs when the corpus collosum is not fully developed or has been surgically severed

66
Q

stroop effect

A

it takes longer to name the color of ink a word is printed in when the name of the color and the color of the ink do not match

67
Q

subitizing

A

The ability to determine small numbers of items presente simultanesouly; four or fewer items preseented stimultanously; four or fewer items can be estimated automatically, but more than four items have to be counted

68
Q

symbolic distance effect

A

the more dicriminable two objects are, the faster the judgment of which is larger or smaller

69
Q

synapse

A

a junction that allolws neurons to communicate

70
Q

temporal lobes

A

each hemisphere contains one that processes sound, language, and long-term memory; damage to one does not necessarily produce complete loss of cognitive functioniing

71
Q

transfer of trianing

A

a technique researchers use to determine whether one method of presenting infomration contributes to better understanding than another methods, often determined by whether the participant can use the information in different circumstanes

72
Q

trepanning

A

a surgical process practiced since ancient times in which a hole is made in the skull

73
Q

where/what circuits

A

two brian circuits process infomraiton about the spatial location of objects and lallow us t name them. The where cirtcuit runs from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe for visual stimulation and from the auditory cotex to the partietal lobe for sound stimuli. THe what circuit runs from the visual or auditory cotex to the temporal lobe, whcih allws memories to be activated in orer to recognize the object

School (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions