HealthPsych Test 1 Flashcards
action
the stage in the transtheoretical or stages of change model in which a person is actually engaging in a new behavior
archival research
a type of observational or naturalistic method of research that uses already recorded behavior
attitude
a person’s postivie or negative feelings about engaging in a particular behavior
barrier
one of the components of the health belief model which describes the expected negative resuslts of engaging in behavior change
Behavioral Health
a subdiscipline of behavioral medicine that emphasizes enhancing health and preventing disease in currently healthy people
Behavioral Medicine
the development and applicaation of behavioral techniques for treatment, management, and rehabilitation ofpatients. These techniques are used widely to help people overcome various types of health damaging behaviors , including overeating, smoking and alcohol abuse
benefit
one of the componenets of the health belief model which describes the expected postivie resuslts of engaging in behavior change
Biomedical Model
a model formed in the 19th and 20th centuries which proposes that ilnesses are cuased by physical problems, such as viruses and bacteria, injuries, and biochemical imbalances. Accoridng to this perpective, physical helath is completely separate form psychological health–the body is a physical entity, and the mind is a psychology/mental/spiritual entity, and that these operate completely seperately
Biopsychosocial Model
a model that views health as determiend by individual, social, and cultural factors. It aknowledges that biological factors can and d influence helath and illness, but at the same time maintains that social, cultural, and psychological factos also exert an effect. this model is holistic, in that it sees the mind and body as inherently connected and sees helath as an interactive system in which biological factors interact with psychological factows and social factors
case report/case study
a type of observational or anturalistic research which relies on studying one or more indivudals in great deapth
classical conditioning
learning that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the same resopnse as anotehr stimulus with which it is paires/asscociated
clinical study
a type of research that is very similar to experiments in man ways, in that it uses random assignment to condition and is often blind or even double-blind. However, because these studies often involve patients whoahve actively sought helps for a given disorder, the practical and ethical issues invovledi n conductign this type of reserach, such as who is eligible to participate and whether they have multiple disorders, can be comples
contemlation
the stage in the transtheoretical or stages of change model in which a person is beginning to consider making a change in their behavior
continuum theores
a set of theories that identifies soe variables that are thought to influence people’s behavior and then combines those variables to predict the likelihood that the person will engage in a given behavior and then combines those variables to predict the likelihood that hte person will engnage in a given behavior
correlation
a measure of the association between two variables
cues to action
any type of reminder about a potential helath problem that could motivate behavior change
Culture
the distinct ways that people living in different parts of the world classify and represent their experiences and think abou the world
dependent variable
a variable that is measured as the outcome of the study. Dependent variables may be influenced by one ore more independent variables
experiment
a type of study in which researchers manipulate one or more independent variables and then measure the effet of the independent variable on one or more depednet variabels. Experiments include random assignment to condition and high levels of control over the participants’ environment
external validity
the degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the same resuslts would be obtianed for other pepole and in other situations
Health
the general condition of a person in mind, body, and spriti, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury, or pain
health belief model
one of the oldest and most widely used theories to explain people’s health-related behavior. Accroding to this model, the lieklihood that indviduals will take preventive action is a function of four types of factors: susceptibility to the disease, severity of the disease, benefits of taking action, ad costs of taking action
Health Psychology
a field that addresses how a person’s behavior can influence health, wellness, and illness in a variety of different ways, including how psychological factors influence the experience of stress and people’s physioogical reactions to stress, the promotion and maintenance of helath, coping with andtreating pain and disease as well as the effects of pain adn disease on ppsychological functionning, and how individuals respond to health-care recommendations as well as health-promotion messages
hypothesis
a testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur
incidence
the frequency of new cases of a disease
independent variable
a variable that is measured or manipulated to determine its effect on one ore more dependent variables
inter validity
the likelihood that the effects on the dependent variable were caused by the indepenent bariable were cuased by the independent variable
intnetion
the specific purpose of doing a particular activity, including the end or goal that is aimed at, or desired to be accomplished
maintenance
the stage in the transtheoretical or stages of change model in which a person is sustainin the change in their behavior over time, typically 6 months
Medical Anthorpology
a field that examines differnces in how health and illness are viewed by people in different cultures. Cultures in fact vary tremendously in how they define helath, how they see disease, and in turn, how they treat illness
Medical Pscyhology
a field that focuses on teaching physicians how to consider the role of the person in interacting with patients. Researchers in this tradition might examinie how to handle patients who are moody or those who are reluctant to seek or follow medical care
Medical Sociology
a fiel that examines how social relationships influence illness, cultural and socieltal reactions to illness, and the organization of health-care services. For example, reserachers in the field of medicl socialology might examine the effects of social stress on ehalth and illness, how attitudes and behaviors influence health and illness, andthe negative onsequences of labeling someone a” patient”
observational learning
learning gained by watchng someone else engage in a behavior
observational or nautralistic mehtods
type of research used to desribe and measure people’s and/or animals’s behavior in everyday sitaution. In this approach, reserachers observe behaivor and record some type of systematic measurement of that behavior
operant conditioning
the theory that behaviors can be increased or decresed as a function of the positive as well as negative consequences of engagin in them
operational definition
the specific way in which variables to be examined in a research study are measured
outcome expectancies
an individuals’ beliefs about weather engagin in a perticular behavior will have desrired outcome
perceived behavioral control
the extent to which peole believe they can successfully enact a behavior. This concept is similar to self-efficacy and is one of the components of the theory of planned behavior
precatuion adoption control
a model of behavior change which proposes that when individuals consider engaging in new helath-related behaviors, they go through a series of seven stages
precontemplaitno
the stage in the transtheoretical or stages of change model in which a person lacks awareness of the problems associated with their behavior and has no intentions or plans to change the behavior in the foreseeable future
preparation
the stagei nthe transtheoretical or stages of change model in which a person has made a commitemnt to change their behaivor and is taking small steps toward the new behavior
prevelance
the proportion of a population that has a particular disease
primary prevention
the prevention of illnesses and disease either by increasing helaht-promoting behaviors and/or decreasing health-damaging behavior
psychosomatic medicine
a field that examines how emotional, social, and psuchological factos influence the development and progression of illness. For example, reasearchers might study how psychological factos, such as anxiety, depression, and stress, might lead to physicla problems, such as ulcers, migraine headaches, arthrities, and asthma
quasi-expriments
a type of research study in which distinct groups of people serve as the independent variable, but unlike in true experiments, the people are not randomely assigned to the groups
random assignment
a procedure used in experiments to make sure that every person has an equalchance of being in any of the conditions. Random assignment improves the quality of reaserch studies
scientific method
a method based on gathering empirical and measruable evidence that consists of systematic evidence that consists of systematic observation, measurement, and expeeriment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses
secondary prevention
the detection of illness at an early stage, as a way of reducing its effects, such as checking cholesterol, performing a breast self-exam, and following insuling-taking rgimens (in the cause of a diabetic). Secondary prevention is very important because, in many cases, people have more teratment option and a better likelihood of curing their problem if it is caught early
self-efficacy
a person’s confidence that he or she can effectively engagige in a given behavior. Self-efficacy is one of the components of the theory of planned behavior
severe
one of the parts of the health belief model indicating the degree of seriousness of a perticualr condition
social cognitive theory
a theory which posits that people’s behavior is a result of their beliefs, expectancies, and confidence. Accoridng to this view, behavior is routed in pepole’s thoughts, which can incldue their beliefs about their won ability to engage (or not to engage) in a particular behaivor as well as their beliefs about the consequences of engaging (or not engagin) in a prticular behavior
stage models
theories that specifiy a set of ordered categories, or stages, that people go thorugh as they attempt to change their behavior
subjective norms
individuals bliefs about wheather other pepole would support them in engaging in a new behavior and whether they are motivated to follow the beliefs of these salient others, including family memebrs, friends, and romantic partner. Subjective norms are one of the components of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior
survey methods
one of the parts of the health belief model indicating the degree of vulnerabililty a person ahs to a particukar cibdutuib
susceptible
one of the parts of the helath belief model indicating the degree of vulnerability a perosn has to a particualr condition
tertiary prevention
actions taken to minimize or slow the damage caused by an illness or dieease, such as taking medicine, engaging in regular physical therapy, and following a recommended diet
theory
an organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena
theory of planned behavior
a theory of helath behavior that extends the theory of reasoned action by addiding the component of perceived behavioral contorl. This htoeyr describes behavior as a result of intentions as determined by people’s attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms for the behavior, and perceived behavioral control over the behavior
theory of reasoned action
a theory of health behavior which posits that the key determinant of people’s behavior is their intention to engage in that behavior, and that intenetions are dtermined by people’s attitudes toward the behavior as well as their subjective norms for the behavior
transtheoretical (stages of change) model
a continuum model of helath behavior change that describes making changes in ehalth-related behavior as a complex process in which indiviudals make such changes only gradually and inot necessarily in a linear order. Instead people move form one stage to naother in a spiral fashion, which can include movement to new stges as well as movement back to previous stages ,until they have finally completed the process of behavior change. The five stages of this model are precontemplation, contemtplation, preparation, action, and maintenance
