Test 2 Biology Flashcards
Chapters 40, 41, 42, 43
A few types of closely associated cell that are adapted to carry out specific functions are
Tissues
A neuron which conducts an impulse to an effect or muscle is
An effector neuron (the motor union)
Epithelial tissue that consists of two or more layers of cells and functions in protection is
Stratified tissue (stratified squamous epithelium, skin)
Muscle which is under involuntary control is
cardiac muscle/smooth muscle
Muscle that is under voluntary or conscious control is
skeletal muscle
Epithelial glands that secrete products such as mucous, saliva, milk, oil or wax , through a duct are
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Type of connnective fivers that provide strngth
Reticular Fibers
Blood
A connective tissue in which the matrix is a liquid and its called plasma
Epithelial glands that secrete prducts, such as thryoxin, GH etc. directly into the lymph fuild without the usage of a duct are
Pancreatic glands
The four major categories of tissues are
epithelial, muscle, nerve, and connective tissue
Which of the following results in long term immunity?
The administration of the chickenpox vaccine.
Which of the following engulf foreign cells?
Macrophage
Which of the following is a nonspecific defense against pathogens?
Skin and The Inflammatory Response.
The redness and swelling associated with the inflammatory response is caused by
expansion of local blood vessels.
The stomach is involved in defense against infection by
Possessing acid that destroys potential pathogens that are swallowed.
The first line of defense against infection includes
Skin
Marker proteins (MHC) on the surface of cells
act as identity tags, and are coded for by a series of 6 gene pairs on #5 homologous chromosomes. (not 100% sure if anyone does know please tell.)
Molecules that can be recognized by white blood cells and that trigger a defensive response are known as
Antigens
B cells
Differentiate into memory cells which may circulate through the body for many years, differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies, and are stimulated by helper T cells.
Once stimulated by antigens on the surface of macrophages, helper T cells may
Stimulate B cells to divide and develop into plasma cells.
Killer T cells recognize cells that have been infected by viruses
because the infected cells have viral proteins on their surface.
Active immunity may be acquired by
exposure to pathogen and vaccination.
Passive immunity may be acquired temporarily
through the maternal blood supply via the placenta, horse serum, and in the mother’s milk.
An antigen is
a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte.
How do memory cells differ from effector cells?
Memory cells live longer.
During a secondary immune response
the generation of effector cells begins with memory cells produced during the primary immune response.
Tissues are typed before an organ transplant to make sure that the
MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins match.
A vaccine contains
inactivated disease-causing microbes.
When you are immune to a disease
certain lymphocytes are able to make the proper antibodies quickly.
In a series of immune system experiments, the thymus glands were removed from baby mice. Which of the following would you predict as a likely result?
The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.
What do the antibodies secreted by plasma cells (the effector cells of humoral immunity) do to attack their targets?
Prevent them from penetrating and infecting cells, target them so that phagocytes can ingest them, cause antigen molecules to settle out of solution, and attach to antigens and detoxify them.
You and a friend are in line for a movie when you notice the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing. Both of you have been equally exposed to the woman’s virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquires flu like symptoms and is ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this?
You have acquired immunity to that virus.
Mast cells both constrict and dilate blood vessels and injury. Which of the following best explains why both of these events occurs shortly after tissue is damaged?
Mast cells release chemical messengers, one that causes constriction in the region of blood flow, and another that causes dilation away from from the injury to promote healing.
What do macrophages and neutrophils have in common?
Both ingest, phagocytosis, and kill bacteria
Which of the following is crucial to activation of the acquired immune response?
Presentation of the MHC-antigen complex on a cell surface.
Which of the following is true of the humoral or antibody mediated response but not true of the cell mediated response?
Uses antibodies as its main weapon.
CD8+ T cell differentiate into?
CD4+ T cells differentiate?
CD8+ T cell differentiate into cytotoxic or killer T cells while CD4+ T cells differentiate into helper T cells.
cause of stomach ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
Animals that feed on both plants and animals are called
omnivores
Animals that eat only plants are called
herbivores
Animals that eat only other animals are called
carnivores
Fats are emulsified in the duodenum by
bile (stored in gallbladder)
The duodenum is slightly basic because the pancreas secretes
sodium bicarbonate which helps to neutralize the highly acidic chyme.
The quickest most readily available source of energy is
ATP (glucose)
Salivary amylase is
an enzyme that breaks down food into maltose, is the first step in the digestion of carbohydrates, and is produced in the salivary glands
The tongue manipulates the food and forms a ball of food called
bolus
The food is prevented from entering the trachea by
Epiglottis
The movement of food through the esophagus is due to rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles and is called
peristalis
After mixing with food, the pH of the stomach is
acidic/2.0
The full stomach is about the size of a football and holds
2 liters of food,and hydrochloric acid.
The high acidity in the stomach
helps break down food, kills bacteria and pathogens, and is the result of the secretion of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells.
The muscle that controls the flow of food from the stomach into the intestine is
Pyloric sphincter
The primary function of the duodenum
absorption of iron and where most chemical digestion takes place.
The primary function of the jejunum and ileum
Jejunum is absorption of carbohydrates and proteins and ileum to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts and whatever products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum.
salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase.
Breakdown of carbohydrates
pepsin, trypsin, chemotrypsin,carboxopeptidase
Breakdown of proteins
ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease-
digestion of nucleic acids, in small intestine.
lipase-
hydrolizes lipids in small intestine. (digestion of lipids).
cholesterol-
digestion of esterase
Imagine that you have eaten a meal containing the following nutrients. Which would not have to be digested before being absorbed
Amino Acids
The force driving simple diffusion is
concentration gradient
Gallstone surgery sometimes requires that the gallbladder be removed. Patients are then advised to avoid ingesting large amounts of fat because
the gallbladder stores bile, releasing it when necessary
The cardiac sphincter surrounds the cardiac orifice. If this sphincter failed to properly constrict, there might be a problem with
regurgitation of food into the esophagus
Which of the following is a digestive enzyme that is present in children but less abundant or absent in adults
Lactase
Digestion of food is an example of
hydrolysis
Protein digestion begins where?
Stomach
Why did scientists originally hypothesize that proteolytic enzymes like pepsin and trypsin are secreted in an inactive form?
These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the tissues that synthesize them
Which cells release hydrochloric acid to make an acidic environment?
Parietal cells
The primary functions of the small intestine are
chemical digestion & absorption of nutrients
Animals with separate openings for taking in food and expelling wastes and with specialization of parts have
complete digestive system
Animals with a single opening which serves to take in food and expel wastes and lacking specialized parts have
incomplete digestive system
Which tissues produce voluntary body movements?
Skeletal muscle tissues
Neurons are specialized cells characteristic of
nervous tissue
Microscopic analysis of an unknown tissue sample reveals the presence of chondrocytes, indicating that the sample is
cartilaginous.
Bone tissue does not show which correlations between structure and function?
Its cells are not packed tightly together.
Which levels of structure encompasses all the others?
Organism/ organ system
List the following in the correct hierarchical order?
organ system. . . tissue. . . organ … cell. Cell, tissue, organ, organ system.
The connection between structure and ______ is a basic concept of biology.
Function
Stratified squamous epithelium is well suited for
lining surfaces subject to abrasion
A main function of most types of epithelial tissue is
covering surfaces (Keep inside material away from external )
Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?
Cardiac
Which tissue stores fat in the body?
Adipose tissues
What kind of connective tissue has a liquid matrix?
Blood
Connective tissue is different from the other major tissue types in that
the cells are sparsely scattered through a nonliving matrix
The main function of muscle tissue is
Contraction(movement)
Which type of tissue forms a communication and coordination system within the body?
Nerve tissue
What structures best represent an adaptation to increase the surface-to-volume ratio?
The alveoli of the lungs, the villi and microvilli in the intestine
The hollow central portion or interior sack like structure in a cell is the
Lumen
The cell surface that faces towards the lumen is the
apical surface
The cell surface that faces away from the lumen is the
basolateral surface
Which of the following represents the correct pathway that water and nutrients travel during absorption.
Lumen, apical membrane, cytoplasm, basolateral membrane, circulatory system
Epithelial tissues have a short lifespan because of exposure on the apical side, which is the most likely reason that as a whole it does not wear away despite the short lifespan of its cells?
The tissue has cells that actively undergo mitosis and cytokinesis to replace the lost cells
The force driving simple diffusion is
concentration gradient.
An iron-containing molecule in red blood cells is called
hemoglobin
Gas exchange takes place by the physical process
diffusion
Alveoli in lungs, villi and micovilli in intesitines, and gill lamellae in fish all
increase the surface area available for absorbtion
A break down in alveoli of the lungs and therefore a decrease in surface area results in
emphysema, reduced oxygen absorbtion, need for a supplementary source of oxygen in severe cases
The muscle responsible for inhalation and exhalation in the lungs and which divides the body into the thoracic and abdominal regions is
diaphragm
Functions of the Nasal Cavity include
filtering air, moistening air, moderating temperature, and is an immune response to pathogens
The glottis, trachea entrance, is protected from the entry of food by
epiglottis
Countercurrent exchange in the gills of a fish
maintains a gradient that enhances diffusion
The vertebrate lung first evolved in
bony fish (class Osteichthyes) & response to low oxygen content of shallow warm, freshwater
In a fish blood circulates through _________, in mammals it circulates through ________.
1 circuit
2 circuits
Similar in function to gill lamellae of a fish?
Alveoli
Cigarette smoking is linked to
asthma, lung cancer, emphysema, reduced oxygen absorbtion, need for supplementary source of oxygen in severe cases
Material filtered from the blood by the filtering unit of the nephron include
toxins, nitrogenous or metabolic wastes, water
Vessels that return blood to the heart
Veins
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
Vessels that exchange materials with tissue fluids
Capillaries
The strongest vessels which are able to expand and constrict
Arteries
Small arteries whose constriction can be regulated by the nervous system
Arterioles
Extremely narrow microscopic tube having a wall composed of only one layer of cells
Capillaries
