Test 1 Biology Flashcards
Radial Symmetry
At least two planes of symmetry. Symmetry in which the body can be divided into mirror-imaged halves by any plane through its central axis [like Cnidarians].
Bilateral Symmetry
Body symmetry in which a cenral longitudinal plane divides the body into two equal but opposite haves [like humans]. Only one plane of symmetry.
Biradial Symmetry
Both radial and bilateral [just ctenophorans have this type of symmetry, they are alos called comb jellies].
Asymmetry
no symmetry; organisms with no planes of symmetry.
Diploblastic
Organisms with tow germ layers: endoderm and ectoderm.
Triploblastic
Organisms with three germ layesL endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.
Endoderm
inner layer, usually derives the digestive tract.
ectoderm
outer layer, skin/nervous system.
Mesoderm
middle layer, organs, muscle skeleton.
Coelomates/Eucoelomates
Organisms with true coelom [or body cavity] derived ONLY from Mesoderm germ layer.
Acoelomates
Orgnisms with no coelom or body cavity
Pseudocoelomates
Organisms with a false or face coelom [or body cavity] derived from Endoderm ad Mesoderm.
Dioecious
Having separate sexes.
Hermaphroditic
Having both male and female reproductive organs.
Complete digestive system
Two openings [one works as the mouth and the other one as the anus]. It is also called alimentary canal.
Incomplete digestive system
One opening [works as both mouth and anus[.
Open circulatory system
System in which the fluid [in this case called hemolymph, not blood] bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between circulating fluid and interstitial fluid].
Closed Circulatory system
system in which fluid [in this case blood] is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
Cephalization
An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end of the body. [“Formation of head”]
Parasitism
symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within or on the host.
Adaptive Radiation
Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their communities [like mollusks]
Lophotrochozoans
organisms that produce a trochophore larvae and have lophphore.
Ecdysozoans
Organsms that molt
What findings does the fact that protostomes are divided into 2 subgroups suggest?
That protostomes are monophyletic group
Shallow warm water contains
low amounts of oxygen
Birds are descendants of
dinosaurs
The nervous system of the planaria
central nervous system
Tetrapods evolved
from lobe-finned fishes
The burrow of the fidbeedle crab is used primarily for
protection
Poriferans
- Sponges
- Phylum at the multicellular level of organization, with simple epithelial tissue only! No complex tissues, but with division of labor.
- Asymmetric
- Hermaphroditic
- Grantia, Syncon is an example of a poriferan organism.
- Poriferans are divided into their classes primarily on the basis of the composition of their spicules.
- Two of the advantages off sexual reproduction in sponges are: increasing genetic variations and dispersal.
- Hermaphroditic sponges ensure cross fertilization by producing their gametes at different times.
Cniderians
- Cabbage Head Jellyfish, Portuguese man of war, Box Jellyfish, Coral are all Cniderians.
- First phylum of animals at the tissue level of organization.
- Radial Symmetry
- With a nerve net
- Diploblastic
- Dioecious
- The sessile, asexual reproductive form of Cnidarians is the polyp
- The free swimming, sexual repodcutive form of Cnidarians is the medusa
- Cnidarians are divided into their classes primarily on the basis of their life cycle [some of them are polyps all their life, others are polyps then medusa, etc.]
- the best treatment for the sting of a Cnidarians is white vinegar [check quiz just to make sure!]
- The Cnidarians inner layer of tissue is specialized for digestion.
- The box jellyfish are the most complex cnidarians with 24 eyes, 6 at each corner where tentacles are attached, 2 with cornea, and lens one also with an iris. tow are image forming while the rest only detect light or dark.
Ctenophora
- Comb jellies
- Biradial Symmetry
- Diploblastic
- Hermaphroditic
- Simples animals to use cilia for movement. Cilia arranged in eight rows.
Platyhelminthes
- Flat worms
- Acoelomate
- First phylum of animals with cephalization
- first phylum of animals that is triploblastic
Schistosoma mansoni (blood fluke)
Platyhelminthes; contracted when wadding in rise fields.
Clinorchis sinesis (Human liver fluke)
Platyhelminthes
Taenia saginata (human beef tapeworm)
Platyhelminthes
The intermediate host of the human-beef tapeworm is
The Cow
Blood Flukes, Schistosoma mansonii, are especially a problem in human’s
liver and lungs
Dibothtiocephalus latus
the broad tapeworm may be contracted by eating raw salmon
Platyhelmnthes, flatworms, include:
flukes, tapeworms, and planaria
What adaptive advantage is the large-surface are to volume to ratio to the Platyhelminthes?
provides more efficient gas exchange
Nematodes
- round worms
- Frist phyla of animals with a complete digestive system
- Pseudocoelomate
Necator Americanus (American Hookworm)
Nematode
Dracuncula Medinesis, Guinea worm
Nematode
Ascaris Lumbircoides
Nematode; contracted by drinking water or eating food contaminated with their eggs.
Trichinella spiralis
Nematoda
The best method for interrupting the life cycle of most parasitic worms is
cooking the meat well
Hookwoms may be contracted by
walking barefoot
The vector and intermediate host of heartworms are
mosquitoes
The round worms Wucheria Bancroftii causes:
Elephantiasis, which is a blockage of lymph glands leading to swelling of the tissues due to accumulation of fluid.
Ancyclostomata canium
the dog hookworm can cause anemia and diarrhea
The intermediate host of a parasite contains
the larvae form of the parasite
Nematodes, round worms, include:
hookworms, heartworms, spiralis, and lumbricoides
Acoelomorpha
Acoelomate
Annelida
- Earthworm, leech, clamworm
- Meteorically segmented
- closed circulatory system
- lophotrochozoa
Mollusca
- Octopus, squid, oyster
- Second largest phylum in the animal kingdom
- With a chitinous exoskeleton
- One Pair of appendages per segment
- Open circulatory system
- Ecdyzoa
Limitations of the exoskeleton of arthropods include
its size and that they must shed
THe scientific name for the blue crab is Callinectus Spaidus. Spidus means:
Tasty/Savory
The soft shell crab is
a molting crab
The maggot of the house fly
is the juvenile form (larvae) of the fly
The house fly has a
Complete matamorphisis with egg, larva/maggot, pupal, and adult stages
The screw wrom population in Texas was controlled by using
sterialized males [trough radiation] to mate with females, and since they only mate once before dying, population was limited
Chordata
- Scientists believe that chordates evolved form Echinodermata, tunicates
Chordates are divided into the following subphylum:
- Cephalochordata
- Urochordata
- Vertebrata
Sumphylum Cephalocordata
- Lancelets (Amphioxus)
- in amphioxus, lancelets, the notochord functions as a skeleton, extends from head to tail, present throughout all life
- in amphioxus, lacelets, the notochord extedns from the head to the tial (anterior to posterior) and is present in both the larvae and the adult.
Subphylum Urochordata
- Tunicates
- Adult Tunicates are sessile and filter feeders
- In tunicates the notchord is present only during the larval stage and restricted to the posterior.
Subphlym Vertebrata is divided into:
- Agnatha/Cyclostomata
- Chondrichthyes
- Osteichthyes
- Amphibia
- Aves
- Reptilia
- Mammalia
Subphylum Vertebrata
- Animals with a serial arrangement vertebrae are in this subphylum
- Characteristics of chordates: notochored, pharyngeal gills slits, hollow nerve cord, muscular post-anal tail
Agnatha/Cyclostomata
- Hagfish, lampre
- notochord is present throughout their life history
- 2 chambered heart
Chodrichthyes
- Manta rey, Great white shark, whale shark, qualus [dogfish shark]
- sharks are dioecisou, they reproduce sexually, and they have internal fertilization
- 2 chambred heart
Osteichthyes
- perch, torut, grouper [jewfish], and flouder
2. 2 chambred heart
Amphibia
- the class of vertebrates with slimy sking and lacking protective outgrowths and functioning as a secondary source of oxygen absorption
- 3 chambred heart
- ectothermic
- amphibians have gills at some stage in their life history
Aves
- The class of vertebrates whose body is covered by feathers
- homeothermic
Reptilia
- Partially divided 4 chambered heart
2. ectothermic
Mammalia
- homeothermic
- the class of vertebrates with mammary glands
- the class of vertebrate whose body is covered by hair.
Arthropoda
1 Blue crab, tarantula, grasshopper, centipede, spiny lobster 2 Largest phylum in the animal Kingdom 3 With a chitinous exoskeleton 4 One Pair of appendages per segment 5 Open circulatory system 6 Ecdyzoa
group of fist with no true jaws round mouth
Agnatha/Cyclostomata
group of fish in which the adult is parasitic saprophytic and the larvae is a filter feeder
Agnatha/Cyclostomata
the class of fish that contains the lampre and hagfish
Agnatha/Cyclostomata
the class of fish with a protocercal tail
Agnatha/Cyclostomata
the larval stages of lamprey may last as long as
4-8 years
agnatha means
jawless
group of fish whose notochord is replaced by vertebra compsed of cartilage
Chodrichthyes
group of fish whose body s covered by denticles or placoid scales
Chodrichthyes
the class of fish that includes the sharks, skates and rays
Chodrichthyes
the class of fish with a heterocecal tail
Chodrichthyes
chondrichthyes means
cartilaginous
the copulatory organ of male sharks is called
the clasper
sharks that lay eggs but retain them in their bodies until they hatch are
oviviparous
Sharks that lay eggs are
viviparous
the body of most sharks is made of
cartilage
the pectoral fins of sharks are used for
direction when swimming
the skin of the fmale shark is twice as thick as the males to
withstand bites that males give them when mating
scientists belive that the sharks jaws evolved from
first pair of gill bars
scientist belive that the sharks teeth evolved from
placoid sclaes or denticles.
Group of fish whose notochord is replaced in the embryo by vertebra
Osteichtyes
Osteichtyes means
bony fish
the class of fish with a homocercal tail
Osteichtyes
the class of fish which includes the trout, perch, redfish and catfish
Osteichtyes
group of fish with their body covered by either cycloid, ctenoid or ganoid scales
Osteichtyes
group of fish with that have a single gill slits covered and protected by an opercle
Osteichtyes
group of fish that have swim or air bladder
osteichtyes
Mammals that give birth to underdeveloped young whose complete development in a pouch belong to the order
marsupials
Placental mammals belong to the subclass
Eutheria
egg laying mammals such as the platypus and the echidna belong to the order
monotrimes
Scientist believe that the mammary glands of mammals evolved from
sweat glands
The class of vertebrate whose body is covered by hair.
Mammals
