Review for Health Final provided by Cano Flashcards
What are some of the effects of smoking?
reduces the amount of oxygen that is available in the blood stream
Psychological things that lead to smoking?
desire to start a new identity, smokers are sexy, weight loss
Media effects that lead to smoking
have famous people smoke, and make peoplew ho smoke look good
Models that explain why people continue to soke after they start
Nicotine fixed-effect model, Nicotine regulation model, Affect-regulation model
Nicotine fixed-effect model
A theory of smoking which states that nicotine stimulates reward inducing sensors in the nervous system
Nicotine regulation model
Smoking is rewarded only when the levels of nicotine are maintained at a certain levelin the body, so the smoker keps smoking to keep them at that level
affect-regulations model
the proposal that people smoke to attain positive affect as a way of enhancing the plasure associated with other events, such as smoking after a meal for example
Combined model
multi-regulation model, Bio-Behavrioal Model
Multi-Regulation Model
A combiatnion of physiological factors that lead to addiction
Bio-Behavrioal model
Nicotine moakes people feel good which causes people to become dependent
Strategies for preventing smoking
MassMedia approaches & Governmental approaches
Mass Media Approachhes
Anti-Smoking campaigns
Governmental approaches
restricted advertisement for cigarettes, enforcing age lases, limiting where people can smoke
How do we quit
Nicotine replacement, low nicotine, nicotine patch, smoking pairing (paired with unpleasant stimulus), Response substitution (where you get the urge to grab a cigarret instead do something physical, like run)
Health consquences of using alcohol
liver damage, DUI, Death
Liver damage
Results in fat accummulating in the liver that leads to the blockage of blood flow throuhg the liver and cuases the cirrhosis of the liver
What are some psychological factorst that leads to alcohol abuse?
attention reduction theory, social-learning theory, biological-genetic factors
Attention reduction theory
people drink to cope or toregulate negative moods
social learning theory
children learn to drink alochol by wacthing others do the same, peers, on tv, parents
biological-genetic factros
some people are born with genetic predisposition to drink
Strategies for preventing drinking
focus on detecting on people who are at risk and then provide them information on the effects and try to get them out of the problems
Treatment
the best treatement is alocholics anonymous, aversion therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy.
AA
Preaches abstinence of alochol and to share the problems with others
Aversion Therapy
Associates alcohol with a negative, aversive stimuli
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Sees alcohol abuse as a learned behavior and this behavior can be chaned by using cognitive behavioral techniques
How can you be classified as obese
being 40% or more over the ideal weight, determined this by the body mass index
What BMI means you are obese?
higher than 30
Consequences of obesity (Physcial
Increase risk of hypetension, kidney problems, gall bladder, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer
Consequences of obesity (Social)
Tend to be less likable, they are subject of negative social attitudes from other individuals
Factors that lead to obseity
Genetics, internal/external hypothesis, restraint theory, social factors,
Genetics
Obesity is inherited, predisposed to be over weight
Internal-external hypothesis
People often fail to listen to their internal cues that they are full
Mood regulating hypothesis
People use food to regulate their moods
Restraint theory
People are generally motivated to eat as an internally function of internal physiological cues of hunger
Social Factors
Lifestyle Socio-cultural factors Friends and family Strategies to prevent obesity Strategies should start in early childhood Breast feeding Encourage children to eat healthy and exercise Limit TV time
Treatment
Limiting calorie intake and dieting, burning calories through exercise, set short term goals, monitor one what eats, and operant conditioning strategies by rewarding people when they lost weight, and behavrioal changes, such as putting the fork down after taking a bite and chewing a number of times before swelling, and finally we have surgery
Eating disorder
A disturbance in eating behavior that involve obsessive concerns about becoming over weight characterized by a distorted body image
Anorexia nervosa
Drastic reduction in the amount of food intake, intentionally trying to lose weight
Bulimia
Binge eating following by purging of the food,
binge eating,
individually regularly eats large amounts of food at one time, leading to obesity
Biological factors found in eating disorders
Genetics
Psycholgocial factors
Personality
Social-Cultural
Family dynamics
Personality
Where a person with anorexia nervosa will exhibit
Social-Cultural
Looking at the norms, such as being thin is the norm
Family dynamics
Parents influencing their children’s eating behavior
Preventing eating disorders
Promoting healthy eating, exercise, and healthy body image promotion
Treatment for eating disorders
Combination of individual and family therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral therapy
Changing thinking process
Pain
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is associated with actual and potential tissue damage
Acute pain
Intense pain but time limited
Chronic pain
Begins as acute pain but doesn’t go away until a period of six months
Three types of pain
Recurring
Attractable benign
Progressive
Recurring
Caused by harmless, and it is there but sometimes it goes away but then it comes back
Attractable benign
It is benign but it is persistent and it varies in intensity but it does not go away. Nothing is wring but the pain is still there
Progressive
Primarily starts and gets worse over time. Progressive pain
Specificity theory
There are specific receptors for specific type of sensation and one such sensation is pain
When one cuts themselves, the message is then received
The gate control theory
There is a mechanism that opens the gate for pain and or closes the gate for pain
How do we measure pain
Self-report measures of pain
On a scale of one to ten
Pain inventory
Self-report inventory and it asks people to select various words that describes their pain
Behavioral Method
They are limping, they rub something, or the look on their face, or groaning, or frowning
Physiological measures for pain
We noted physiological changes for the pain. Muscle becomes tense, and skin temperature is also involved
Psychological factors that lead to pain:
Stress can influence pain
Learning theory
Some people are reinforced when they complain about a pain, in order to get attention
Cognitive
Those who think that their pain comes from serious sources feel more pain
Mood
Negative mood is associated with experiencing more pain, and more intensely
Medication
Local anesthesia used to control pain
Physical therapy
Physical stimulation
Translutanouselectircal nerve transmutation process
Nerves are electro-stimulated and lead to numbness
Acupuncture, massage therapy
Chiropractic therapy
Psychological
Hypnosis
Bio-feed back
Where people are trained to use monitors to monitor pain, but it is very expensive and time consuming
Relaxation strategies
Behavioral therapy
Focusing on eliminating reinforcement for the expression of pain. Placebos and pain and how placebos seem to work, because a person exceptive for the pain to become reduced, then the patient will have little pain
