Childhood Test 2 Review Flashcards
Identical twins
siblings conceived fom one egg; after conception, the fertilized egg splits in half, with each half having the same genetic material; aslo called monozygotic twins
fraternal twins
siblings conceived when two eggs are fertilized at the same time; also called izygotic twins
chromosomes
a grouop of 20K to 25K genes arranged in a long string
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA; the molecule that ocntains genetic information
gene
a section of DNA that contains the genetic code for inherited characteristics
mitosis
the process by which chromosomes make copies of themselves before cell dividion takes place
gamate
reproductive cells that contain 23 chromosomes apiece; a sex cell, either a sperm or an egg
sperm
male sex cel
ovum
a matrue egg, or female sex cell
meiosis
the process of cell division that produces the gamtes, or sex cells, each containing 23 chromosomes
zygote
a fertilized ovum, during the first 2 weeks after conception
callele
a variant of a gnee; alleles usually come in pairs one located on each of a pair of chromosomes
homozygous
having two matching alleles for a particular characteristic
heterozygous
having two different alleles for aparticular hcaracterisitc
dominant-recessive inheritance
pattern of inheritance that reveals the haraccteristic of the recessive gene only if no dominant gene is presented in the organism
codominant
pattern of inheritance that invovles the join action of many gnes, often I nconjuction with environmental factors
polygenic inheritance
process of inheritance that invovles the inpupt of many genes in order to control te expression of a single characteristic
x-linked inheritance
pattern of inheritance in which a recessive gene is carreid on the x chromosome and is thus expresse mainly in males
hemophelia
inherited x-linked disorder in which blood fails to clot nomrally; occurs cheifly in males
mutation
change or alteration in a gene
phenylketonuria (PKU)
Genetic disorder that causes daage to the central nervous system if not diagnosed at birth and controlled with a special diet, this is inherited when both recessive alleles are obtained
sickle cell anemia
genetic disoder in which red blood cells become sticky and shaped like crescent moons os sickles; the affected blood cells have trouble passing thorugh small blood vessels, thereby causing blood clots to occur, and mostly occurs when both alleles are inherited.
Fragile X syndrom
an x-linked genetic fisorder that is a common cause of mental retardation. Causes a change in a specific gene that causes a small amount of FMRP to be produced which is crucial for the functionoing of the central nervous system.
Down Syndrom
a chromosomal disroder in which 21st chromosome pair has a extra chroomsome attached to it; causes hsort stature, low muscle tone,, heart problems, and mental retardation; also known as trisomy 21.
family studies
research on members of a single family for the purpose of learning more about their hereditary and environmental causes of shared characteristics
twin studies
research on shared identical ersus fraernal twins for the purpose of learning more about the hereditary and enviornmental causes of shared characteristics
concordant
when both members of a twin pair share a characteristic such as eye color, they are said to be concordant for that characteristic
behavior genetics
the stjudy of hereditary and environmental determinants of human development, using methods such as famliy studies and twin studies.
genetic counseling
proces in which a trained counselor reviews with a couple their family histories in an effrot to asses their likelihood of conceiving a child with chromosomal or other genetic defects
ovulation
the release of an ovum from the ovaries
fallopian tube
in the female reproductive tract, the structure that extends from ovaries to uterus, along which the fertilized ovum travels on the way to the uterus
alternative reproductive technology (art)
technological methods of assisted reproduction, including gamete intraffallopian transfer (GIFT), zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT), and in vitro fertilization (IVF)
In vitro fertilization
process that invovles removal of ova fro mthe ovaries and mixing them with live sperm in a laboratory environemtn, in order to fertilize one ovum or more; if fertilization is successful, one fertilized ovum or more is returned to the woman’s uterus in hopes of continuing the pregnancy and creating a healthy baby
gamate intraffalopian transfer (GIFT)
an assisted reproductive technique in which sperm and ova are transferred to a woman’s fallopian tubes in hopes of creating a pregnancy and ultimately a healthy baby
zygote intrafallopian transfer
an assisted reproductive technique in which zygotes that have been created in laboratory environment are transferred to a woman’s fallopian tubes in hopes of creating a pregnancy and ultimately a healthy baby
monozygotic twins
twins conceived from one ovum; after conception, the fertilized ovum splits in half, with each half having the same genetic material; also called identical twins
dizygotic twins
siblings conceived fwhen two ova are fertilized at the same time; also called fraternal twins
gestational age
the age of a zygote, embryo, or fetus; usually calculated in weeks after conception
trimeters
the three equal time periods into which a prenancy can be divided
Germinal period
begins when the fertilized ovum, called the zygote, beigns to make its way down the fallopian tube, moving in the direction of the uterus.
blastocyst
the multicellular organism that grows from a fertilized ovum during the germinal period, befoerimplantation into the uterine wall
implantioan
the process of a blastocyst attaching itself to the uterine wall; when completed, it signals the end of the germinal period and the beginning of the embryonic period of prenatal development
villi
harilike projections form the blastocyst that anchor it to the uterine wall
embryo
the developing organism during the embryonic period, from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception
umbilica cord
in the womb, a tube conatining blood vessels that connects the fetus and the placenta
placenta
the organ that sperates the embryonic or fetal bloodstram form that of the mother, while allwoing the exchange of nutrients and waste
human chorionic gonadotropin
a hormone whose presence signals the beginning of a pregnancy
neural plate
early in prenatal devleopment, the structure from which the neural tube, and eventually the brain and spinal cord, will develop
neural tube
early in prenatal development, the structure that forms from the neural plate, wand will eventually develop into the brain and spinal cord
neurons
nerve cells
proliferatino
during the embryonic period of prenatal development, the growth of new neural cell
aggregation
in neural development, the tendency of similar cells to clump together and, in so doing, form the beginnings of neural structures
amnotic fluid
transperant fluid that cushions the fetus inside the amniotic sac
fetus
the developing organism during the fetal period, from 8 weeks after conception until birth
lanugo
fine hair that covers the body of a fetus
vernix
a sticky, white substance that covers the skin of the fetus, thought to protect the skin while it is suspended for many weeks in amniotic fluid
denditres
neural fibers that receive electrical signals from axons and condcut them to other neurons
axons
neural fibers that conduct electrical signals from the cell bodies of neurons to the dendrites that make connectiosn with other neurons
synapse
the point of connection between neurons, where the axon of one neuron transmits information to the dendrite of another neuron
synaptogensis
the creation of synapses, or connections between neurons
ultrasound
procedure that usses high frequency (but inaudible) sound waves to create moving images of embryons and fetuss on a computer screen, used in assesment of prenatal development and for related purposes
chorionic villus sampling
proceudre for sampling the chorionic villi to check for birth defects; can be perfomred at 10 to 12 weeks’ gestational age
nuchal translucency screening
prenatal test that uses ultrasound imaging to asses the risk of a fetus having down syndrome; can be conducted earlier than other tests for Down syndrome
amniocentesis
pocedure for sampling amniotic fluid in order to test for genetic abnormalities of the fetus; usually done between 15 and 17 weeks’ gestational age
triple-screen blood test
prenatal test done for brith defects such as spina bifida; usually performed between 16 and 18 weeks gestational age
spania bifida
a birth defect that leaves an opening in the back, exposing the spine
teratogen
an environmental agent that interferes with normal prenatal development
thalidomide
a sedative that was once prescribed during the first trimester of pregnancy, to relieve nausea and other symptoms; it resulted in devastating brith defects and is no longer given to pregnant women
diethylstilbestrol
DES; a medicine once prescribed to pregnat women in an effort to prevent miscarriages, found to create reproductive defects, cancer, and toehr genital irregularities in the offspring
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)
an umbrella term that includes all the symptoms and brith defects caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
disorder cuased by maternal alcohol use during prenancy, the symptoms include facial abnormalities, growth deficiencies, and central nervous system problems; usually accompanied by low IQ, learning and attetnion problems
alocohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders (ARND)
mental or functional problems, such as poor school performance or low IQ, that are associated with prenatal alcohol exposure
Alcohol-related brith defects (ARBD)
physical problems with heart, kidneys, bones, and/or auditory system that are associated with prenatal alcohol exposure
rubella
three-day measles; sometimes called German measles
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
the autoimmune disease caused by HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
the virus that causes aids
toxemia
a complication in pregnancy in which swelling of hands and feet is accopanied by arise in blood pressure
doula
a person trained to assist women in labor
preapred childbirth
classes for parents-to-be on the normal process of labor and delivery; often includes breathing and relaxation technqiues thought to be usefulduring labor
neonatal intensive care unit
a specialized medical facility designed to support the health of premature and low brith weight infants
dilation
the widening of a pregnant woman’s cervix during childbirth
effacement
thinning of the cervix before or during labor to allow the baby to pass thorugh the brith canal
birth canal
passageway leading from the uterus thorugh the cervix and vagina, through which the infnat passes during brith
transition
stage of labro when the contractions are at their peak and the cervix becomes fully dilated and effaced
molding
squeezing together of the plates of the skull as the infant moves thorugh the brith cana, giing the newborn’s head an odd shape, usually disappears soon after brith
fontanel
space between the bones of a newborn’s skull, befroe the bones fuse together; can be felt as a soft spot on the baby’s head
apgar scale
a raiting scale, usually administered at 1 min. and at 5 min. after birth, that provides an overview of the infnants health
fetal monitor
electronic equipment used to detect fetal heart rate, respoiration, and other vital signs during the birth process
induced labor
labor that is begun by administering hormones to stimulate contractions and intentionally brekaing the amniotic sac
forceps
a medical instrument tthat clamps around the heald of the infant, helping a doctor or other medical provider to extract the infant form the mother’s body during the brith process
vacuum extractor
a suction device attached to the head of the infant, to assit in extracting the infanct fro mhe mother’s body during birth
cesarean section (c-SECTIONS)
Surgical procedure for delivering an infant, in which the infant is extracted through an incision in the mother’s abdomen and uterus
anoxia
a condition in which the fetus does not receive enough oxygen
cerebral palsy
a form of brain damage that affects muscle tontrol; may resutl from oxygen depreivation during brith
preterm infnat
an infant born 3 or more weeks before the due date; in other words, earlier than 35 weeks after conceptoin, rather than the usual 38 weeks of a full-term baby
low brith weight (lbw)
brith weight below 2,500 grams (51/2) about 3 lbs
very low brith weight
birth weight lower than 1,500 grams (about 3 pounds)
extremely low brith weight
birth weight of less than 1,000 grams (about 2 pounds)
isolette
a specially designed bed surrounded by plstic shields, inteded to maintina an LBW infant’s temperature and protect the infant from infenction; generally seen in NICUs
surfactant
a substance that helps the air sacs in preterm or lbw infants’ lungs to work peroperly, even though the sacs may not be fully developed; helps these infants to breathe so they do not suffer from anoxia
infant mortality
the death of a child before the first birthday
kangaroo care
an intervntion for prematrue infnats in which they are plaed on the parent’s ches, aainst the skin, to simulate growth
states of consciousness
levels of alterness, which are normally cyclical in infants; examples includes quitely alert state, quiet sleep, and active sleep
perception
organized view of the world basedo n information received from the senses
multimodal perception
organized perception of stimulation from any different sensory modalities, such as vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell
reflexes
automatic resonse triggered by specific, relatively localized stimuli, ishc as the rooting reflex or the Moro reflex; most newborn reflexes disappear after a fewe months
habitutaion
a gradual reduction in the strangth of response to a stimulus that has been presented repeatedly
dishabition
after hairituaiton has aoccurd, a sudden recovery of response as a result of exposreu to a novel stimulus rather than the expected or familiar stimulus
neonatal behavioralassessment scale (NBAS)
Test of an ewborn’s reflexes, changes of arousal state, and reposne to people and objects; infants with the lowerst scores are most vulenerable to evvloping behavioral problems during childhood
postpartum depression
severe sadness and feelings od inadequancy following the brith of a child that my last several weeks; treatable with therapy and medication
