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School > Childhood Test 2 Review > Flashcards

Childhood Test 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Identical twins

A

siblings conceived fom one egg; after conception, the fertilized egg splits in half, with each half having the same genetic material; aslo called monozygotic twins

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2
Q

fraternal twins

A

siblings conceived when two eggs are fertilized at the same time; also called izygotic twins

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

a grouop of 20K to 25K genes arranged in a long string

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4
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA; the molecule that ocntains genetic information

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5
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA that contains the genetic code for inherited characteristics

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6
Q

mitosis

A

the process by which chromosomes make copies of themselves before cell dividion takes place

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7
Q

gamate

A

reproductive cells that contain 23 chromosomes apiece; a sex cell, either a sperm or an egg

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8
Q

sperm

A

male sex cel

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9
Q

ovum

A

a matrue egg, or female sex cell

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10
Q

meiosis

A

the process of cell division that produces the gamtes, or sex cells, each containing 23 chromosomes

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11
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized ovum, during the first 2 weeks after conception

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12
Q

callele

A

a variant of a gnee; alleles usually come in pairs one located on each of a pair of chromosomes

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13
Q

homozygous

A

having two matching alleles for a particular characteristic

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14
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for aparticular hcaracterisitc

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15
Q

dominant-recessive inheritance

A

pattern of inheritance that reveals the haraccteristic of the recessive gene only if no dominant gene is presented in the organism

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16
Q

codominant

A

pattern of inheritance that invovles the join action of many gnes, often I nconjuction with environmental factors

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17
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

process of inheritance that invovles the inpupt of many genes in order to control te expression of a single characteristic

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18
Q

x-linked inheritance

A

pattern of inheritance in which a recessive gene is carreid on the x chromosome and is thus expresse mainly in males

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19
Q

hemophelia

A

inherited x-linked disorder in which blood fails to clot nomrally; occurs cheifly in males

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20
Q

mutation

A

change or alteration in a gene

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21
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Genetic disorder that causes daage to the central nervous system if not diagnosed at birth and controlled with a special diet, this is inherited when both recessive alleles are obtained

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22
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

genetic disoder in which red blood cells become sticky and shaped like crescent moons os sickles; the affected blood cells have trouble passing thorugh small blood vessels, thereby causing blood clots to occur, and mostly occurs when both alleles are inherited.

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23
Q

Fragile X syndrom

A

an x-linked genetic fisorder that is a common cause of mental retardation. Causes a change in a specific gene that causes a small amount of FMRP to be produced which is crucial for the functionoing of the central nervous system.

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24
Q

Down Syndrom

A

a chromosomal disroder in which 21st chromosome pair has a extra chroomsome attached to it; causes hsort stature, low muscle tone,, heart problems, and mental retardation; also known as trisomy 21.

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25
Q

family studies

A

research on members of a single family for the purpose of learning more about their hereditary and environmental causes of shared characteristics

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26
Q

twin studies

A

research on shared identical ersus fraernal twins for the purpose of learning more about the hereditary and enviornmental causes of shared characteristics

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27
Q

concordant

A

when both members of a twin pair share a characteristic such as eye color, they are said to be concordant for that characteristic

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28
Q

behavior genetics

A

the stjudy of hereditary and environmental determinants of human development, using methods such as famliy studies and twin studies.

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29
Q

genetic counseling

A

proces in which a trained counselor reviews with a couple their family histories in an effrot to asses their likelihood of conceiving a child with chromosomal or other genetic defects

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30
Q

ovulation

A

the release of an ovum from the ovaries

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31
Q

fallopian tube

A

in the female reproductive tract, the structure that extends from ovaries to uterus, along which the fertilized ovum travels on the way to the uterus

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32
Q

alternative reproductive technology (art)

A

technological methods of assisted reproduction, including gamete intraffallopian transfer (GIFT), zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT), and in vitro fertilization (IVF)

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33
Q

In vitro fertilization

A

process that invovles removal of ova fro mthe ovaries and mixing them with live sperm in a laboratory environemtn, in order to fertilize one ovum or more; if fertilization is successful, one fertilized ovum or more is returned to the woman’s uterus in hopes of continuing the pregnancy and creating a healthy baby

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34
Q

gamate intraffalopian transfer (GIFT)

A

an assisted reproductive technique in which sperm and ova are transferred to a woman’s fallopian tubes in hopes of creating a pregnancy and ultimately a healthy baby

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35
Q

zygote intrafallopian transfer

A

an assisted reproductive technique in which zygotes that have been created in laboratory environment are transferred to a woman’s fallopian tubes in hopes of creating a pregnancy and ultimately a healthy baby

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36
Q

monozygotic twins

A

twins conceived from one ovum; after conception, the fertilized ovum splits in half, with each half having the same genetic material; also called identical twins

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37
Q

dizygotic twins

A

siblings conceived fwhen two ova are fertilized at the same time; also called fraternal twins

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38
Q

gestational age

A

the age of a zygote, embryo, or fetus; usually calculated in weeks after conception

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39
Q

trimeters

A

the three equal time periods into which a prenancy can be divided

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40
Q

Germinal period

A

begins when the fertilized ovum, called the zygote, beigns to make its way down the fallopian tube, moving in the direction of the uterus.

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41
Q

blastocyst

A

the multicellular organism that grows from a fertilized ovum during the germinal period, befoerimplantation into the uterine wall

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42
Q

implantioan

A

the process of a blastocyst attaching itself to the uterine wall; when completed, it signals the end of the germinal period and the beginning of the embryonic period of prenatal development

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43
Q

villi

A

harilike projections form the blastocyst that anchor it to the uterine wall

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44
Q

embryo

A

the developing organism during the embryonic period, from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception

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45
Q

umbilica cord

A

in the womb, a tube conatining blood vessels that connects the fetus and the placenta

46
Q

placenta

A

the organ that sperates the embryonic or fetal bloodstram form that of the mother, while allwoing the exchange of nutrients and waste

47
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin

A

a hormone whose presence signals the beginning of a pregnancy

48
Q

neural plate

A

early in prenatal devleopment, the structure from which the neural tube, and eventually the brain and spinal cord, will develop

49
Q

neural tube

A

early in prenatal development, the structure that forms from the neural plate, wand will eventually develop into the brain and spinal cord

50
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells

51
Q

proliferatino

A

during the embryonic period of prenatal development, the growth of new neural cell

52
Q

aggregation

A

in neural development, the tendency of similar cells to clump together and, in so doing, form the beginnings of neural structures

53
Q

amnotic fluid

A

transperant fluid that cushions the fetus inside the amniotic sac

54
Q

fetus

A

the developing organism during the fetal period, from 8 weeks after conception until birth

55
Q

lanugo

A

fine hair that covers the body of a fetus

56
Q

vernix

A

a sticky, white substance that covers the skin of the fetus, thought to protect the skin while it is suspended for many weeks in amniotic fluid

57
Q

denditres

A

neural fibers that receive electrical signals from axons and condcut them to other neurons

58
Q

axons

A

neural fibers that conduct electrical signals from the cell bodies of neurons to the dendrites that make connectiosn with other neurons

59
Q

synapse

A

the point of connection between neurons, where the axon of one neuron transmits information to the dendrite of another neuron

60
Q

synaptogensis

A

the creation of synapses, or connections between neurons

61
Q

ultrasound

A

procedure that usses high frequency (but inaudible) sound waves to create moving images of embryons and fetuss on a computer screen, used in assesment of prenatal development and for related purposes

62
Q

chorionic villus sampling

A

proceudre for sampling the chorionic villi to check for birth defects; can be perfomred at 10 to 12 weeks’ gestational age

63
Q

nuchal translucency screening

A

prenatal test that uses ultrasound imaging to asses the risk of a fetus having down syndrome; can be conducted earlier than other tests for Down syndrome

64
Q

amniocentesis

A

pocedure for sampling amniotic fluid in order to test for genetic abnormalities of the fetus; usually done between 15 and 17 weeks’ gestational age

65
Q

triple-screen blood test

A

prenatal test done for brith defects such as spina bifida; usually performed between 16 and 18 weeks gestational age

66
Q

spania bifida

A

a birth defect that leaves an opening in the back, exposing the spine

67
Q

teratogen

A

an environmental agent that interferes with normal prenatal development

68
Q

thalidomide

A

a sedative that was once prescribed during the first trimester of pregnancy, to relieve nausea and other symptoms; it resulted in devastating brith defects and is no longer given to pregnant women

69
Q

diethylstilbestrol

A

DES; a medicine once prescribed to pregnat women in an effort to prevent miscarriages, found to create reproductive defects, cancer, and toehr genital irregularities in the offspring

70
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

A

an umbrella term that includes all the symptoms and brith defects caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy

71
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

disorder cuased by maternal alcohol use during prenancy, the symptoms include facial abnormalities, growth deficiencies, and central nervous system problems; usually accompanied by low IQ, learning and attetnion problems

72
Q

alocohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders (ARND)

A

mental or functional problems, such as poor school performance or low IQ, that are associated with prenatal alcohol exposure

73
Q

Alcohol-related brith defects (ARBD)

A

physical problems with heart, kidneys, bones, and/or auditory system that are associated with prenatal alcohol exposure

74
Q

rubella

A

three-day measles; sometimes called German measles

75
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

the autoimmune disease caused by HIV

76
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

A

the virus that causes aids

77
Q

toxemia

A

a complication in pregnancy in which swelling of hands and feet is accopanied by arise in blood pressure

78
Q

doula

A

a person trained to assist women in labor

79
Q

preapred childbirth

A

classes for parents-to-be on the normal process of labor and delivery; often includes breathing and relaxation technqiues thought to be usefulduring labor

80
Q

neonatal intensive care unit

A

a specialized medical facility designed to support the health of premature and low brith weight infants

81
Q

dilation

A

the widening of a pregnant woman’s cervix during childbirth

82
Q

effacement

A

thinning of the cervix before or during labor to allow the baby to pass thorugh the brith canal

83
Q

birth canal

A

passageway leading from the uterus thorugh the cervix and vagina, through which the infnat passes during brith

84
Q

transition

A

stage of labro when the contractions are at their peak and the cervix becomes fully dilated and effaced

85
Q

molding

A

squeezing together of the plates of the skull as the infant moves thorugh the brith cana, giing the newborn’s head an odd shape, usually disappears soon after brith

86
Q

fontanel

A

space between the bones of a newborn’s skull, befroe the bones fuse together; can be felt as a soft spot on the baby’s head

87
Q

apgar scale

A

a raiting scale, usually administered at 1 min. and at 5 min. after birth, that provides an overview of the infnants health

88
Q

fetal monitor

A

electronic equipment used to detect fetal heart rate, respoiration, and other vital signs during the birth process

89
Q

induced labor

A

labor that is begun by administering hormones to stimulate contractions and intentionally brekaing the amniotic sac

90
Q

forceps

A

a medical instrument tthat clamps around the heald of the infant, helping a doctor or other medical provider to extract the infant form the mother’s body during the brith process

91
Q

vacuum extractor

A

a suction device attached to the head of the infant, to assit in extracting the infanct fro mhe mother’s body during birth

92
Q

cesarean section (c-SECTIONS)

A

Surgical procedure for delivering an infant, in which the infant is extracted through an incision in the mother’s abdomen and uterus

93
Q

anoxia

A

a condition in which the fetus does not receive enough oxygen

94
Q

cerebral palsy

A

a form of brain damage that affects muscle tontrol; may resutl from oxygen depreivation during brith

95
Q

preterm infnat

A

an infant born 3 or more weeks before the due date; in other words, earlier than 35 weeks after conceptoin, rather than the usual 38 weeks of a full-term baby

96
Q

low brith weight (lbw)

A

brith weight below 2,500 grams (51/2) about 3 lbs

97
Q

very low brith weight

A

birth weight lower than 1,500 grams (about 3 pounds)

98
Q

extremely low brith weight

A

birth weight of less than 1,000 grams (about 2 pounds)

99
Q

isolette

A

a specially designed bed surrounded by plstic shields, inteded to maintina an LBW infant’s temperature and protect the infant from infenction; generally seen in NICUs

100
Q

surfactant

A

a substance that helps the air sacs in preterm or lbw infants’ lungs to work peroperly, even though the sacs may not be fully developed; helps these infants to breathe so they do not suffer from anoxia

101
Q

infant mortality

A

the death of a child before the first birthday

102
Q

kangaroo care

A

an intervntion for prematrue infnats in which they are plaed on the parent’s ches, aainst the skin, to simulate growth

103
Q

states of consciousness

A

levels of alterness, which are normally cyclical in infants; examples includes quitely alert state, quiet sleep, and active sleep

104
Q

perception

A

organized view of the world basedo n information received from the senses

105
Q

multimodal perception

A

organized perception of stimulation from any different sensory modalities, such as vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell

106
Q

reflexes

A

automatic resonse triggered by specific, relatively localized stimuli, ishc as the rooting reflex or the Moro reflex; most newborn reflexes disappear after a fewe months

107
Q

habitutaion

A

a gradual reduction in the strangth of response to a stimulus that has been presented repeatedly

108
Q

dishabition

A

after hairituaiton has aoccurd, a sudden recovery of response as a result of exposreu to a novel stimulus rather than the expected or familiar stimulus

109
Q

neonatal behavioralassessment scale (NBAS)

A

Test of an ewborn’s reflexes, changes of arousal state, and reposne to people and objects; infants with the lowerst scores are most vulenerable to evvloping behavioral problems during childhood

110
Q

postpartum depression

A

severe sadness and feelings od inadequancy following the brith of a child that my last several weeks; treatable with therapy and medication

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