Review for Childhood Test 4 Flashcards
Most common pediatric orthopedic injury
Broken Collarbone
heigh gained in preschool?
2.5 to 3.5 inches
Weight gained in preschool?
4 to 5 pounds in weight every year
Who is taller than average from the siblings?
The oldest
Heigh in Smoking mothers vs. non smoking mothers
If they did not smoke, then they will be taller than those who do smoke.
Ethnicity and Height
Those of african or European ancestors are likely to be taller than those of Aisan descent
Sleeping patterns at age of 2
reported to be sleeping about 11.5 hours per day
parasomnias
Minor sleep disturbances such as walking and talking while still asleep; usually disappear without special intervention as children grow older.
nightmares
frightening dreams that usually happen in the latter half of the night and that may awaken the child from sleep; often recalled by the child in the morning
night terrors
Physical trashing and voca distress, which do not awaken the child from sleep; almost never recalled by the child; usually occur in the hour or two after falling asleep.
Enuresis
Bed-Wetting, which is linked to genetic factors and which usually disappears without special treatment as children grow older.
% of children 4-6 wet their beds
25
what gender is most likely to wet bed?
more common among boys than among girls
is it genetic?
identical twings more likely to concord in bed-wetting than fraternal twins
nature vs. nurture in synapses
Genetic influences direct the development of the cells themselves. Expereince becomes influential because synapses that are active remain in place.
myelination
the process through which neural axons become coated with a fatty sheath of myelin, providing insulation and enabling rapid transmission of neural impulses
hemispheres
In the human brain, the term for the two halves of the cerebral cortex, because they look like “half-spheres”
handedness
The preference that most people show for completing skilled actions with one hand rather than the other
Ambidextrous
Lack of preference for right or left hand’ ability to use either hand equally well.
gross moter skills
Motor skills that use the large mmuscles; examples are running and jumping
Fine motor skills
Motor skills that involve use of small muscles; examples are fastening buttons and eating with a spoon
Activity level
The amount of sheer physcial movement that achild engages in per unit of time. Child is most active in this stage than they will be ever before
who is better at fine motor skills?
Girls are generally better at fine moto skills
What are fine motor skills?
Putting together puzzles, cutting paper with scissors, and stringing beads.
What has the girls become quicker at fine motor skils?
They have to dress themsleves and cook for themselves making them more independent and more likely to learn the fine motor skills
what helps improve motor skills?
Practice
What happens when parents see preschoolers eat less?
Adults often worry that children are not getting adequate nutrition
how do children eat better?
They eat better when an adult is nearby, particularly when the adult shares the meal or snack with them
obesity
an overweight condition defined as people who weigh at least 30% more than the ideal weight for their height and age; in early childhood, those weighing more than 95% of children of the same age and gender
percent increase of obse children
went from 6% to 10%
percent of obse children ages 2 to 5 by 2004
13.90%
percentage of children who are undernutritioned
15% of children from low income families and about 2% of childre nfrom middle-income families were not getting enough
what ethnicity is more common to be overweight?
It is more common among Mexican Americans preschool children
what causes obesity
among preschool children is as much a matter of too little physical activity as it is one of overeating
what proves that _____ is the key to keep overweight away?
at this age, boys are more likley than girls to be physically active at this age, and boys are less likley to be overweight
How many children died of Measles?
Measles alone killed 3k american children every eyar
What has happened to smallpox
small pox has been largely eradicated thanks to vaccines
What has happened to polio?
Polio has been all but eliminated
Incidence of measles after vaccine
It has been greatly reduced
percentage of children who have received vaccine
5 to 6 year olds 95% of the population has full complement of vaccines for preventable diseases in the U.S.
minor infections
sore throats, body aches, runny noses
average infection of minority category
between 7 and 10 of these minor infections per calendar year, almost one every month for the average young child
what have most children had by age of 3
most children have had to battle otitis media, an ear infection to the middle ear, and some children have even had several
what is the most common form of serious injury for young children?
motor vehicle crashes
booster seat
a type of safety seat used in a motor vehicle to restrain children who weigh 40 to 80 pounds
percentage of children killed who were killed in motor vehicle accidents?
40%
what is another cuase of unintentional death
drowning, burns and bicycle accidents
what are some environmental threats to children’s health
air pollution, contaminated water, and exposure to dangerous chemicals
why are children more vulnerabl than adults?
they are more vulnerable because their organs and tissues are still developing and their immune systems are not fully developed
what impact does air quality have on children?
developent of their lungs and their general health is impacted from this
environmental tabacco smoke
Smoke from cigarettes and other tobacco products that exists in the enviornments of somokers; often called secondhand smoke
neurtoxins
Chemical substances that are harmful to children’s developing nervous systems, such as lead on mercury
asthma
a condition that impairs breathing due to narrowing and inflamation of the air passageways triggered by allergens or other environmental substances
allergens
specific substances, such as pllens and environmental tobacco smoke, that may trigger allergic reactions among individuals who are allergic to them
astham is more commen in what gender
boys
what ethnicity is affected more by asthma?
more black than white children
what income class is more subsceptiable to asthma?
children from low-income homes than among those from middle-income homes
Emotional and Sexual abuse are more common in
among children than among infants and toddlers
abuse and neglect may cuase
serious provlems in children’s behavior, peer relations, and self-esteem
how do you outweigh malnutrition
supportive influences can help
egocentrism
children’s inability to take perspectives different from their own
representational skill
the ability to recognize that one object stands for another, as, for example, pretending a banana is a telephone
dual representation
the ability to mentally represent both a symbol and its referent
pretend play results from what
children’s increased representational skills
at around what time do children begin to understand models/representational skills increase
by the time they turn 3 years old
what does the children need to do in order for symbolic object representation to exist?
the child must represent both the symbol itself and its relationshion to its referent
sociodramatic play
a type of play that involves enactment of roles and stories, such as “You be the dad and I’ll be the mom, and we’ll go to the grocery store, okay?”
what are some characteristics that occuer under sociodramatic play?
they incude others in their elaborate pretend scenarios, and are more likely to use a wider array of object as props
imagnary companions
invisible characters that children play wth and talk about butt that have no apparent basis in reality
does everyone have an imaginary companion
46% of those who had no imaginary companion at 3 or 4 had invented one by the time they were 6 or 7 years old
who is more likely to have imaginary companions
those who have no siblings or firstborn children, and children who spend less time watching television
what do children gain from imaginary companions
they gain social support
mental operation
Piaget described mental action or thoughts as mental operation.
Limitations of Preoperational thought
egocentrism; conservation; logical inferences
three mountains task
a task invented by Piaget and Inhelder, in which children are asked to look at a model of a landscape marked by hills and mountains and tell how it looks from a perspective different from their own
what was found from the three mountains task?
not until 8 or 0=9 years of age could they reliably select the picture that represented the doll’s view, rather than their own.
animism
the attribution of mental activity such as thoughts, feelings, and wishes to inanimate objects such as coulds, rivers, or stones
conservation
the fact that some properties of objects remain the same, even while other properties are changing; in Piaget’s theory, preoperational children do not grasp this concept
horizontal decalage
piaget’s term for the fact that in contrast to theoretical predictions, children master skills attributed by his theory to preoperational stage at varied ages
around what age can children understand conservation of numbers?
at ages 3 or 4, but they would have a harder time to do this if they were given more than three
recognition
the ability to identify an object, person, or quality that was encountered before
recall
the ability to reproduce material from memory
metamemory
knowledge about memory itself–about memory tasks, strategies, and conditions; Not developed at this time yet
scripts
General outlines of events and the order in which they occur, used to organize thinking and memory about familiar occurrences, such as eating in a fast-food restaurant
children’s scripts are:
they are often less well developed than those of older chilren for familiar events
older preschooler’s script?
they are more likely to include more items in their scripts, and the details may be more richly elaborated
what if the mom’s talks about the past more often?
children are more likely to recall more deetails about recent experiences.
theory of mind
the young child’s ideas about the nature of mental activities, especially those of people around them
phonemic awareness
The ability to hear and manipulate the sounds of spoken language
dialogic reading
shared book reading between children and parents in which parents ask open-ended questions, repeat and expand on children’s utterances, and encourage children’s speech.
cardinality
the concept that the last number in a counting sequence represents the quantity of objects ina set
private speech
Children’s use of language to plan and direct their own behavior, especially when undertaking difficult tasks
cooperative learning
An educational technique in which children work together in small groups to solve problems or complete tasks. This hlps come out of egocentrism
vocabulary of 2 year old
about 200 words; 4 years latter, most know upwards of 10K words
syntax
The grammatical structure of language, including (among many other elements) the ways in which past versus present tense or plural versus singular are marked by a language
mutual exclusivity bias
Young children’s expectation that objects have only one label and hence that words refer to separate, non-overlapping categories
what did ellen markman propose
children have biases that enable them to learn the manings of words more rapidly than one might expect
syntactic bootstrapping
children’s ability to use the grammatical information in language to help them work out the most likely meanings of new words
morpheme
the smallest meaningful grammatical unit, such as s added to a noun to make it plural
semantic bootstrapping
Children’s ability to use semantic infomraiton in language to help them work out the most likely grammatical strucutre of new utterances
what is the best way to learn a second language?
most effective way for child to learn a second language is to learn by emersion
do children learn more rapidly than adults?
They do not necessarily learn a second language more reapidly than adolescents or adults
pragmatics
the use of language for a variety of goals, such as persuasion, in different circumstances
late talkers
Children who, by their 2nd birthday, use fewer than 50 wrods and who do not combine words into two- or three-word utterances
by age three children whave what skills and behaviors
recognizes and identifies common objects and picutres. Uses four or five-word sentences. Uses some pronouns and some plurals. Completes puzzles with three or four pieces. Sorts object by shape or color
by age four children have what types of skills and behaviors
speaks in sentences of five to six wrods. Speaks clearly enough for strangers to understand. Tells stories. Engages in fantasy or make believe play. Knows some colors and some numbers.
by age 5 children have what skills and behaviors
can give nae and address. Uses future tense. Tells longer stories. Can count to 10 or higher. Can name four or more colors
what are the signs to watch for in children of 3 years
inability to copy a circle. Inability to communicate in short phrases. Does not understand simple instructions.
what are the signs to watch for in children of 4 years of age
does not engage in fantasy or pretend play. Does not use senteces of three or more words. Does not use me and you appropriately
what are the signs to watch for in children of 5 years of age
cannot give own first and last names. Does not use plurals or past tense correctly in speaking. Does not talk about daily activities or experiences
why are psychologists interested in IQ tests
because by the end of the preschool period, they are good predictors of children’s later success IN SCHOOL
stanford-binet Intelligence Scales
an invidual test of intelligence that can be given to young children, originally written by alfred Binet and revised by lewis terman of standford university
Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence (WPPSI)
a popular test of young children’s intelligence
at what age is the IQ score best
12
what type of home environment leads children to score higher on Standard tests of intelligence
children whose environments are reated as conducive to mental devlopment
HOME inventory
Simulation via toys; Lnaguage stimulation; physical environment; warmth and affection; academic stimulation; encouragment of maturity; variety of stimulation; avoidance of violence
stimulation via toys
home includes toys that teach about shapes, colors, and sizes
language stimulation
parent teaches hild words using books and games
physical environment
rooms are reasonably clean and organized, not cluttered
warmth and affection
parent spontaneously praises child at least twice during home visit
academic stimulation
child is encouraged to learn the wrods for different colors
Encouragment of maturity
parent introduces child to researcher
variety of stimulation
parent takes child on outing such as shopping trip twice per month
avoidance of violence
parent does not slap or spank child during researcher’s visit
what working calss spoke more to their children?
upper middle-class paretns spoke almost twice as much to their children as did working-class parents–2,153 versus, 1,251 words per hour, according to the reserachers calculations
how does head start help?
significant gains on assessments of school readiness occurred for children who attended head start
head start
a federally funded program that provides young children from low-income homoes with a year or two of preschool education, as well as with nutritional and medical services
what benefit does the High/Scope perry preschool program give?
children did better throguhout life than did those in a group who did not complete the program
sesame street
an educational television program intended to teach preliteracy and basic mathematical concepts to young children.
why did sesame street succeed so much?
it adapted to not just actual behaviors but also to moral concepts
can tv have negative impacts?
many programs for children contain violence and other content (such as advertising) that young children may not fully understand
how does a 3 or 5 year say about himself?
he will be descriptive talking about their apperance, how they look
how will 6 year old describe himself
children are more likely to mention emotional experiences, describe themselves in relation to social groups, and describe their skills in relation to those of others. Gain ability/knowledge it is okay to express opinion
self-esteem
the overall sense of one’s own value as a person. The parenting style and stretegy is the greatest self-esteem factor
what emtonioal situation has mostly disappeared by age of 6?
by age of 6, emotional outburst and tantrums have mostly disappeared, and most children have become much better able to regulate their emotional states. In the early childhood period, youngesters learn to use many differnet strategies to control their own emotional states
most preschoolers are fear:
fear of burglars, fires, getting lost, and being in automobile accidents; and many expressed fears of wild animals (such as crocodiles, lions, and snakes), witches, bad dreams, and being in the dark
emotional display rules
cultural or subcultural rules for the display of emotional reactions to evetns or people that specify when and under what circumstances nonverbal expressions of emotion are consdiered appropriate
children learn to do what with positive and negative emtoins
positive to dispalcy and communicate them, but to supress negative ones
gender identity
a person’s fundamental sense of self as male or female
by what age can most children know their sex and that of others?
by about 2 1/2 year of age, most children can accurately label their own sex and the sex of adults, and can place a picture of themselves correctly with picutres of same sex children
cognitive theory of gender
kKohlber’s theory that childrens ideas about gender organize their gender-related behavior
self-socialization
the process of matching one’s behavior and activities to those associated with one’s gender
gender permanence
the understanding that a peron’s gender reamins the same over tiem: A girl grows up to become a woman, and a boy gorws up to become a man
gender constancy
the understnading that aperons gender remains the same even if superficial characteristcs such as clothing, hairstyle, or activites undergo change; for instance, a boy remains male even if he put on a dress or plays with a doll.
gender stereotypes
Preconceived expectation about the preferences, attitudes, and behaviors of males and females
gender schema theory
Bem’s theory that children’s understanding of gender develops as they acquire mental represnetaiotn of male and female activites, roles, and preferences
at this age boys and girls hang out with who?
boys with boys and girls with girls, learn appropriate play like this
how do boys tend to play>
tend to play in groups, to be more active and more aggressive, to engage in more rough-and-tumble play, and to show more positive emotion than do girls; tend to play farther away form adults than do girls
girls tend to play:
play in pairs, engage in social pretend play, and remain closer to adults
how do boys engage in pretend play?
it invovles heroic characters and themes of danger or combat
How od girls pretend play?
the pretend play of girls is likely to foucs on cooperative, domestic themes dreawn form dialy life of on romantice glamorous story lines
biggest role models
parents, and more specifically, same sex parents
permissive parenting
a style of parenting that combines little control or guidance of children with high levels of communication, nurturance, and warmth
authoritarian parenting
a style of parenting that combines high standards and strict punishment with low levels of communication, nurturance, and warmth
authoritative parenting
a style of parenting in which parents set limits and provide guidance ofr chidlren’s behaivor, but also provide much support and nurturance
disengaged parenting
a style of parenting in which parents (often those who are overwhelmed by their own problems) set few limits or standards and provide little in the way of nurtureance or support for their children; at the extreme, disengaged paretning becomes a form of child maltreatment
how do we learn how to parent
we learn to parent from our parents
can time outs be effective?
time outs can be effective if disciplinary technique, especially if accompanied by exlpantion about the expected behavior
in families headed by both parents, dads are?
they are generally less engaged with their children than are mothers. Fathers also spend more time playing with children than engaging in caregiving. More likely to encourage sex-stereotyped toys. Fathers play an important role in mediating children’s expereinces of the world outside the familiy and in coaching children about social and emotional issues
how do fathers affect child behavior?
fathers who were more invovled in child care had fewere children behavior problem over a 2-year period
Emotional Intelligence
The ablity to understand ourself and others and to use these forms of understanding to accomplish important aims. It involves recognizing and regulating emotions, feeling empathy and sympathy, and working cooperatively with others. In a nutshell, an emotionally intelligent person is one who is smart about people
preschoolers who received emotion coaching from their parens they:
were earning higher grades, getting along better with friends, and had greater overall emotional well-being in elementary school
solitary play
a form of play in which a child plays alone, apparentlty without awareness of toher children nearby
parallel play
two children play with similar objects or toys, often nesxt to each other, but without interacting
ocooperative play
older preschooler participate in joint activities, taking turns with tosy, playing games together, or developong aj oint fantasy theme in their play
why do children give up on aggressive behavior?
they become more acocmplished at the art of persuasion and become older
who is more likely to be invovled in rough-and-tumble play
5 year old boys than girls
physical aggresion
Behavior intended to harm another person by inflicting pain or injury. More likely in boys than in girls
relational aggresion
Behavior inteded to hurt noather peron through damage to peer relationships. More likely to be done by girls than boys
prosocial behavior
coooperative, firnedly, and other socially approved behavior
corporal punishment
use of physcial methods, such as slapping or spaking, to discourage undersrible behavior
how do parents use spaking?
most say they disapproe but 94% of parents say they have used spanking before at least occasionally with their 3 or 4 year old children
link between aggresion and spanking
spaking is associated with increased aggresion among children who are exposed to it
how often should you play video games at around 6-7
about one hour every day
morality of constratin
A model of moral reasoning in which behavior is constrained by the consequences of actions and morality is not subject to change
autonomous moratlity
A mode of moral reasoning in which moral rules are seen as a product of social interaction and agreement
moral judgments
judgements about right and wrong, fairness, and justice; for instance, answers to questions about wether it is right ot strike another person
social-conventional judgemtns
Judgments based customary ways of doing things; for instnacne, anwers to questions about whether it is right to eat with one’s fingers versus with a fork
personal judgments
judgments based on individual preferences; for instance, answers to questions about whether it is better to eat vanilla ice cream or chocolate ice cream
