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Final Review Final Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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2
Q

Attirbution theory

A

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

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3
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to understimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of persnal disposition.

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4
Q

attribute

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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5
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

occurs when people are influeced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

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6
Q

central route persuasion

A

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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7
Q

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

the tendency for peple who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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8
Q

role

A

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

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9
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dossonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissocnance by changing our attitudes.

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10
Q

culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, calues, and traiditions shared by a group of people and trsmitted from one generation to the next

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11
Q

norm

A

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe the “proper” behavior

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12
Q

conformity

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

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13
Q

normative social influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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14
Q

informational social influence

A

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

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15
Q

social facilitation

A

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

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16
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaininig a common goal than when individually accountable.

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17
Q

deindividuation

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-restaint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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18
Q

group polarization

A

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

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19
Q

groupthink

A

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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20
Q

prejudice

A

an unjustifiavle and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

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21
Q

Stereotype

A

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

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22
Q

discrimination

A

unjustifiavle negative behavior toward a group and its members

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23
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people t herefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

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24
Q

ingroup

A

“Us”–People with whom we share a common identity

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25
Q

outgroup

A

“Them”–those perceived as different or part from our ingroup

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26
Q

ingroup bias

A

the tendency to favor our own group

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27
Q

scapegoat theory

A

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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28
Q

other-race effect

A

the t endency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than facces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias

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29
Q

aggression

A

any physical or verbal behavior inteded to hurt or destroy

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30
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

the principle that frustration–the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal–creates anger, which can generate aggreassion

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31
Q

social script

A

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

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32
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases linking of them

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33
Q

passionate love

A

an aroused state of intense positiove absorpotion in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

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34
Q

companionate love

A

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

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35
Q

equity

A

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

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36
Q

self-disclorue

A

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

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37
Q

altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

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38
Q

bystander effect

A

the tendency for any given by stander to be less likely to give aid if other bystander are present

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39
Q

social exchange theory

A

the theory that our social behavaior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

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40
Q

reciprocity norm

A

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helepd them

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41
Q

social-responsibility norm

A

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

42
Q

confilict

A

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

43
Q

social trap

A

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally persuing their self-interst, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

44
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees iself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

45
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people and requrie their cooperations

46
Q

GRIT

A

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction–A strategy designed to decrease international tensions

47
Q

psychological disorders

A

a significant dysfuntcion in a person’s thoughts, feeling, or behaviors

48
Q

medical model

A

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

49
Q

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

50
Q

DSM-V

A

The American Psychiatic Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fifth Edition

51
Q

anxiety disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistend anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

52
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous sytem arousal

53
Q

panic disorder

A

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredicatable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, chocking, or other frightening senstations

54
Q

phobia

A

an anxiety disorders marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

55
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

(OCD) an anxiety disorder charzcterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

56
Q

Post-Traumatic stress disorder

A

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

57
Q

mood disorder

A

psychological disorder characterized by emotional extremes.

58
Q

major depressive disorder

A

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, I nthe absence of drugs or another medical conditin, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods or diminished interest or pleasure in most activities, along with at least four other symptoms

59
Q

bipolar disorder

A

a mood disorder in which ap erson alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

60
Q

mania

A

a hyperactive, widly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

61
Q

schizophrenia

A

a group of severe disorders characterized by disoragnized and delusinal thinking, disturbed perceptoins, and inappropriate emotins and behaviors

62
Q

psychosis

A

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and disotreted perceptions

63
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs, often of persecution or gradeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

64
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintians a starvation diet despite being sifnificantly (15% or more) underweight

65
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person alternated binge eating (usally of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting

66
Q

binge-eating disorder

A

significant binge-eating epidosdes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa

67
Q

personality disorders

A

psychological disorder characteriazed by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

68
Q

antisocial personality disorders

A

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, evne toward friends and family membrs. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

69
Q

psychoterapy

A

treatment involving psychological techniques; constists of interactions between a trained therapist and somoen seeking to overcome psychological diffulties or achieve persoan growth

70
Q

biomedical therapy

A

prescribed medications or procedured that act directly on the person’s physiology

71
Q

eclectic approach

A

an approach to spcyhotherapy that depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

72
Q

psychoanalysis

A

sigmund freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistance, dreams, and resferences–and the therapist’s interpretations of them–released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

73
Q

resitance

A

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

74
Q

interpretation

A

in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

75
Q

tranference

A

in psychoanalysis, the patients transfer to the analyst of emotins linked, with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

76
Q

psychodynamic therapy

A

therapy driving from the psychoanalytic tradition; vies individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enchance self-insight

77
Q

insight therapies

A

a verity of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awerness of underluying motives and defenses

78
Q

client-centered therapy

A

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the threapist uses thecniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic enviornment to faclilitate clients’ growth

79
Q

active listening

A

empathic listeninig in which the lsitner echos, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy

80
Q

unconditional psoitive reagard

A

a caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attidue, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awerness and self-acceptance

81
Q

behavior therapy

A

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

82
Q

conterconditioning

A

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwatned behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

83
Q

exposure therapies

A

behavrioal techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure thrapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

84
Q

systematic desensitazion

A

type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimul. Commonly used to treat phobias

85
Q

virtual reality exposure therapy

A

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic stimulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

86
Q

aversive conditiong

A

a type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

87
Q

token economy

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort of exhibiting a desried behavior and can later exchange the t oeks for various provileges or treats

88
Q

cognitive therapy

A

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinkign; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between evnts and our emotional reactions

89
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy

A

a popular integrative therappy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

90
Q

Group therapy

A

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

91
Q

family therapy

A

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

92
Q

evidence-based practice

A

clinical decision making that integrates the bset available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

93
Q

psychopharmacology

A

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

94
Q

antipsychotic drugs

A

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

95
Q

antianxiety drugs

A

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

96
Q

antidepressant drugs

A

drugs used to treat depression and some anxiety disorders. Different types of work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

97
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

a biomedical therapy for severly depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brian of an anesthetized patient

98
Q

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brian; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

99
Q

psychosuregery

A

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

100
Q

lobotomy

A

a psychosurgical proceudre once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procudre tcut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the innver brian

101
Q

resilience

A

the personal strenght that helps most people cope with stress and recover form adversity and even trauma

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