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Immune System and Respiratory Flashcards

Immune System & Digestive System

1
Q

Which of the following results in long term immunity?

A

The administration of the chickenpox vaccine.

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2
Q

Which of the following engulf foreign cells?

A

Macrophage

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3
Q

Which of the following is a nonspecific defense against pathogens?

A

Skin and The Inflammatory Response.

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4
Q

The redness and swelling associated with the inflammatory response is caused by

A

expansion of local blood vessels.

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5
Q

The stomach is involved in defense against infection by

A

Possessing acid that destroys potential pathogens that are swallowed.

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6
Q

The first line of defense against infection includes

A

Skin

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7
Q

Marker proteins (MHC) on the surface of cells

A

act as identity tags, and are coded for by a series of 6 gene pairs on #5 homologous chromosomes. (not 100% sure if anyone does know please tell.)

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8
Q

Molecules that can be recognized by white blood cells and that trigger a defensive response are known as

A

Antigens

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9
Q

B cells

A

Differentiate into memory cells which may circulate through the body for many years, differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies, and are stimulated by helper T cells.

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10
Q

Once stimulated by antigens on the surface of macrophages, helper T cells may

A

Stimulate B cells to divide and develop into plasma cells.

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11
Q

Killer T cells recognize cells that have been infected by viruses

A

because the infected cells have viral proteins on their surface.

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12
Q

Active immunity may be acquired by

A

exposure to pathogen and vaccination.

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13
Q

Passive immunity may be acquired temporarily

A

through the maternal blood supply via the placenta, horse serum, and in the mother’s milk.

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14
Q

An antigen is

A

a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte.

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15
Q

How do memory cells differ from effector cells?

A

Memory cells live longer.

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16
Q

During a secondary immune response

A

the generation of effector cells begins with memory cells produced during the primary immune response.

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17
Q

Tissues are typed before an organ transplant to make sure that the

A

MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins match.

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18
Q

A vaccine contains

A

inactivated disease-causing microbes.

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19
Q

When you are immune to a disease

A

certain lymphocytes are able to make the proper antibodies quickly.

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20
Q

In a series of immune system experiments, the thymus glands were removed from baby mice. Which of the following would you predict as a likely result?

A

The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.

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21
Q

What do the antibodies secreted by plasma cells (the effector cells of humoral immunity) do to attack their targets?

A

Prevent them from penetrating and infecting cells, target them so that phagocytes can ingest them, cause antigen molecules to settle out of solution, and attach to antigens and detoxify them.

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22
Q

You and a friend are in line for a movie when you notice the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing. Both of you have been equally exposed to the woman’s virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquires flu like symptoms and is ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this?

A

You have acquired immunity to that virus.

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23
Q

Mast cells both constrict and dilate blood vessels and injury. Which of the following best explains why both of these events occur shortly after tissue is damaged?

A

Mast cells release different chemical messengers, one that causes constriction in the region of blood loss, and another that causes dilation away from the injury to promote quicker healing.

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24
Q

What do neutrophils and macrophages have in common?

A

Both ingest, phagocytosis, and kill bacteria.

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25
Q

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the acquired immune response?

A

Presentation of the MHC-antigen complex on a cell surface.

26
Q

Which of the following is true of the humoral or antibody mediated response but not true of the cell mediated response?

A

Uses antibodies as its main weapon.

27
Q

CD8+ T cell differentiate into?

CD4+ T cells differentiate?

A

CD8+ T cell differentiate into cytotoxic or killer T cells while CD4+ T cells differentiate into helper T cells.

28
Q

cause of stomach ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori

29
Q

Animals that feed on both plants and animals are called

A

omnivores

30
Q

Animals that eat only plants are called

A

herbivores

31
Q

Animals that eat only other animals are called

A

carnivores

32
Q

Fats are emulsified in the duodenum by

A

bile (stored in gallbladder)

33
Q

The duodenum is slightly basic because the pancreas secretes

A

sodium bicarbonate which helps to neutralize the highly acidic chyme.

34
Q

The quickest most readily available source of energy is

A

ATP (glucose)

35
Q

Salivary amylase is

A

an enzyme that breaks down food into maltose, is the first step in the digestion of carbohydrates, and is produced in the salivary glands

36
Q

The tongue manipulates the food and forms a ball of food called

A

bolus

37
Q

The food is prevented from entering the trachea by

A

Epiglottis

38
Q

The movement of food through the esophagus is due to rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles and is called

A

peristalis

39
Q

After mixing with food, the pH of the stomach is

A

acidic/2.0

40
Q

The full stomach is about the size of a football and holds

A

2 liters of food,and hydrochloric acid.

41
Q

The high acidity in the stomach

A

helps break down food, kills bacteria and pathogens, and is the result of the secretion of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells.

42
Q

The muscle that controls the flow of food from the stomach into the intestine is

A

Pyloric sphincter

43
Q

The primary function of the duodenum

A

absorption of iron and where most chemical digestion takes place.

44
Q

The primary function of the jejunum and ileum

A

Jejunum is absorption of carbohydrates and proteins and ileum to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts and whatever products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum.

45
Q

salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase.

A

salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase.

46
Q

pepsin, trypsin, chemotrypsin,carboxopeptidase

A

pepsin, trypsin, chemotrypsin,carboxopeptidase

47
Q

ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease-

A

digestion of nucleic acids, in small intestine.

48
Q

lipase-

A

hydrolizes lipids in small intestine. (digestion of lipids).

49
Q

cholesterol-

A

digestion of esterase

50
Q

Imagine that you have eaten a meal containing the following nutrients. Which would not have to be digested before being absorbed

A

Amino Acids

51
Q

The force driving simple diffusion is

A

concentration gradient

52
Q

Gallstone surgery sometimes requires that the gallbladder be removed. Patients are then advised to avoid ingesting large amounts of fat because

A

the gallbladder stores bile, releasing it when necessary

53
Q

The cardiac sphincter surrounds the cardiac orifice. If this sphincter failed to properly constrict, there might be a problem with

A

regurgitation of food into the esophagus

54
Q

Which of the following is a digestive enzyme that is present in children but less abundant or absent in adults

A

Lactase

55
Q

Digestion of food is an example of

A

hydrolysis

56
Q

Protein digestion begins where?

A

Stomach

57
Q

Why did scientists originally hypothesize that proteolytic enzymes like pepsin and trypsin are secreted in an inactive form?

A

These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the tissues that synthesize them

58
Q

Which cells release hydrochloric acid to make an acidic environment?

A

Parietal cells

59
Q

The primary functions of the small intestine are

A

chemical digestion & absorption of nutrients

60
Q

Animals with separate openings for taking in food and expelling wastes and with specialization of parts have

A

complete digestive system

61
Q

Animals with a single opening which serves to take in food and expel wastes and lacking specialized parts have

A

incomplete digestive system

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