test 1 final Flashcards
Channel (9)
the medium through which the message passes
co-culture (32)
different cultures within a main cultural group such as age, occupation, sexual orientation, physical disabilities, religion, activity of interests
cognitive complexity (29)
the ability to construct a variety of frameworks for viewing an issue.
Communication (13)
A transactional process involving particiapnts who occupy different but overlapping environmets and create relationships through the exchange of messages, many of which are affected by external, physciological, and psychological noise.
Communication competence (25)
achieving one’s goals in am annger that, in most cases, maintains or enhances the relationship in which it occurs.
Content dimension (15)
the information being explicitly discussed
Decode (10)
makes sense of the message
Disinhibition (22)
the tendency to transmit messages without considering their consequences , speaking before we think
Dyad (17)
two people interacting
Encode (9)
puts thoughts into symbols, usually words
Environment (11)
firles of experience that affect how they undertand other’s behavior
Impersonal communication (17)
not group, public, or mass communication
Instrumental goals (8)
getting others to behave in ways we want such as telling toehrs how we want our food, or our hair style, etc.
Interpersonal communication [quantitative and qualitative] (17)
quantitiative–any interaction between two people
qualitative–when people treat one another as unique individuals, regardless of the context in which the interction ocurs or the number of people involved.
Linear communication model (9)
communication model which depicts communication as someothing a sender “does to” a reciever
Mediated communication (18)
Conversation that takes place across a telephone, or correspondence, but also includes internet communication such as IM, E-MAIL, Twitter, facebook MySpace, blogs, etc.
Message (9)
the information being transmitted
Noise (10)
distractions that disrupt transmission
Receiver (9)
the person attending to the message
Relational dimension (15)
expresses how you feel about the other person; if you like or dislike them, or if you feel in control or a subordinate in the relationship
Richness (21)
the abundance of nonverbal cues that add clarity to a verbal message
Self-monitoring (30)
desribe the process of paying close attention to one’s behavior and using these observations to shape the way one behaves.
Sender (9)
the person creating the message
Transactional communication model (10)
people send and receive messages simultaneously and not in a undirectional or back-and-forth manner, with communicators often occupying different environments that affect how the y understand other’s behavior
Self-Concept (40)
the relatively stable set of perception you hold of yourself
self-esteem(41)
evaltuion of self-worth
personality
characteristic ways that you think abd behave across a variety of situation
The big five personality traits
extrovert (sociable, fun-loving, talkative, spontaneous) vs. introverted (reserved, sober, quite, self-controlled)
open(imaginative, independent, curious, broadd interests) vs. not open (unimaginative, confroming, incurious, narrow interests)
conscientious (careful, reliable, perservering, ambitious) vs. undirected (careless, undependable, lax aimless)
agreeable (courteous, selfless, trusting, copperative) vs. antagonistic (rude, selfish, suspicious, uncooperative)
neurotic (worried, ulneravle, self-pitying, impatient) vs. stable (calm, hardy, self-satisfied, patient)
reflected appraisal
each of us develops a self-concept that reflects the way we believe others to see us
significant others
people whose opnions we expecially value such as family members
social comparison
evaluating ourselves in terms of how we compare with others
reference groups
groups against which we compare ourselves and play an important role in shapping our view of ourselves
cognitive conservatsm
the tendency to seek and attend to information that conforms to an existing self-concept
self-fulfilling prophecy
occurs when a person’s expectations of an event, and his or her subsequent behavior basd on those expectations, make the event more likely to occur than would otherwise have beeb true
identity management
the communication strategies that people use to influence how other view them
presenting self
public image sometimes called one’s face
perceived self
a reflection of the self-concept
Physical needs
the lack of relationships jeopardizes our helath more than lack of exercise, than a bad diet, smoking, etc. Lack of relationships leads to a lower immune system and to higher levels of stress. Having any type of close relatinship is good enough to increase logevity. The death of a close loved one increases chances of death soon after
Identity needs
we decide who we are based on how we interact with others. Howe people treat us, and tell us as we grow up and as we behave in the rest of our society will create our self-concept
Social Needs
realatonal continuum: acquantance->friendshi->intimacy. Communication and socializing contributes more to a satisfying life than virutally nay oherr activityf
Practical goals
Instrumental goals of getting others to behave in ways we want
Will Schutz
Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Needs
Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Needs
Social Inclussion, Affection, Behavior Control
Social Inclussion
Met when we have sucessful interaction with others. If it is met we will see that people have no difficulty to associate and interact with other people and they enjoy themselves. If they are not well met they will compensate by having under-social behavior, withdrawing from frineds. Over socialization is the other method to compensate where they will try to hard to relate to other people
Affection
Ability to give and reeive positive emotional relationships. If they are met they will feel at ease with who they are and will accept that not eveyrone is going to like them, but they have those that do. However, those that have not met this will compansate by having very superficial realtionships with very few indivudas or they will have a large number of superficial friends, but will fear rejecting. Or also, they might be trying too hard to gain that intimate relationship that they drive people away.
Behavior Control
the need to feel competent and respected, have pepole take your opinion when making decisions. If these needs are met then they will not mind who it is that is making the decisions, a democrat. If they are not met they will either try to control everything, being the autocrat who is in charge and will try to dominate or will give up all control the abdicrat
Psychologist Abraham Maslow
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
1) Physiologica: Breathing, food water, sex, sleep, homeostatsis, excretion
2) Safety: security of: body, employment, resources, morality, the family, health, property
3) Love/Belonging: Friendhship, family, sexual intimacy
4) Esteem: Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
5) Self-actualization: morality creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
symbolic transformation model
take an idea and then encode it and make it into symbols in an attempt to send that idea to the other person by using verbal (7%) paralanguage[tone of voice] (38%) and body language(55%) and the receiver will decode the code to put it back together into the idea, but the idea will never be exactly the same
A linear view
the communication takes place in one directions like television signals, with noise in the middle blocking the path through a channel, that is selected to send the message in the encoding of words and gestures to the receiver who will decode the message
Transactional communication model (10)
COMMUNICAITON model that takes place between two communicators as they encode their message and send this message through a channel, with messages beind simultaneously transmitted through the media at hand, with the messages being exchanged in the overlapping regions of the environment of each communicator
Communication principles
communication can be intentional or unintentional, communication is irreversible, it is impossible not to communicate, communication is unrepeatable
Communication misconceptions
more communication is not alays better, meanings are not in words, communication will not solve all problems
there is no ideal way to communicate
the method used to convery our point is not particialarly important, just as long as we know how to send it accordingly and appropriately
competence is situatonal
competent communicatioon may be good in one setting but may not be the case in another environment
Characteristics of competent communications
They have a repertoire of choices and different approaches to solve the problem[wide range of behaviors], ability to choose the most appropriate behavior, skill at performing behaviors, cognitive complexity[able to categorize things approrpriately to be able to call them up the category of approaches to best fit the sitatuion]. Also, empathy, self-monitoring, an commitment is important
Comepetence in intercultural communication
the motivation to want to communicate, the tolearance of differences and an open-mind to accept and respect these differences.
Types of mindfulness
passive observatioin, active strategies, and self-diclosure
Self-Esteem
at 5 yrs. 80% have high self-esteem, but by age 18 only 20% still do
postive cycle
high self-esteem->+ thoughts->desirable behavior->+ thoughs->high self-esteem
negative cycle
low self-esteem->- thoughts->undesirable behavior->- thoughts-> low self-esteem
self-concept development
development by the feedback from our parents and our other significat others, interaction with others while in school ad with tour friends [our reference/peer group] and our view of self as an object[comparison with others] if we are good looking or not, which plays a large role in our self-concept.
Role Playing
when we act out and playing out then we are defining our self concept as we like the idea of the character we took up
Role taking
to hypothesis about ourselves and acting it out in our heads also defining our self-concept
expectancy theory
what you expect is what you get, feel like you are going to have a good day then you will as the mind will try to work it out as such. This figres heavily into the positive cylce and the negative cycle as they are both based upon this.
Characteristics of Self-Concept
subjective to what ohers think of us. It can be distorted, some leaning towards positive and others towards negative, but very few are accurate. This distoration could be based upon Obsolte information from past failure or over critical feed back that distorts our self-concept. Lastyl, social expectatiois of body is going to make our self concept based upon the media portrait of perfection. also, it resists change, we do change but we cling to ouor past identification and this si cognitive conservatism and look for people who will support our self-concept
Culture
Collectivist culture, where the family names comes first and look at your identity as a group, rather than the individualistic culture where one is based upon what they individual do, where they are currently form and not where they were born or the family name, more focues on their first individualistic name
Sex & gender
youn men are more postive as they just have to be better in masculine things, such as running, lifting weights, etc. Women on the other hand are valued on how well they can relate, and express themeselves
changing the self concept:
realitstic expectation of the self-concept, with too high an expectation we will be dissatisfied. theWill and skill to change, we cannot change just naturally we have to learn and pick up the trait.
Identity Management
done in social situation and in the professional world to be perseived positively and we strive to construct multiple identies as much as possible. This cn be consciountious and unconcsciountouesly done to start and matnain relatinoshps and we are not phony but we are simply trying to put our best foot forward. This must also be done in Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) as employers and many other people will look at it to determine first impresions.
Self-Monitors
they are better at being leaders as they are able to get the desired imporessions across better
