study guide for cognitive 8-13 final exam Flashcards
What are images?
seemingly perceptual experiences that we hve iwthout the presence of an external source for the perception–the image come from inside us, from our ind’s eye
motoric imagery
when we mentally rehearse a dance or image making a great play on an atheletic field, images that have motor actions attached to them
haptic
such as when we imagine touching sandpaper, images that have touch sensation attached to it
difference betwee nhallucination and images
images are under our control and we do not experience them as coming from outside of us as happens with halluciantions
Can mental images be manipulated?
yes images can be manipulated to meet our goals, sich as trying to remember if we closed the door, or what way we should go
What is way finding
refers to the cognitive process people employ in a spatial environment in order to arrive at a goal
How can images help us remember?
It helps us remember when it is able to provide an association–a link–betwee nthe items that people are trying to remember.
What is analog code?
they are like maps or moving pictures; they preserve the rlatinship among the elements of the image as if a person were experiencing them directly. For example, a map captures the distanced and directions among locations; mercury thermometer expresses termperature continously as the height of liquid; a watch with hands indicated the passage of time with the angle the q2 and the small hand. The information conveyed by the physical system is abstract.
propositional code
propositions are the smallest unit ofk nowledge that can be either true or false. These images do not resemble the physical stimulus as a mental picture might; however, propositions can express the underlying meaning of the stimulus. A list of directions would be propositional code, while a map diagram would be an analog code
which one takes longer o scan, large or small distances on a map?
large distances take longer to scan, despite expecations; our spatial layout preserve the spatial relations, thus we are using an analog code to scan our images
limits to our ability to use images
images are not the same as when you have a figure infront of us, as our mental eye cannot find certain figures hidden within our images.
can you remember what was covered in class while remmebering what you have to do after class? Explain
no, becausae they are both demanding attention that reurie the same or overlapping cognitive resources, verbal processing
can humans mentally rotate 2-d and 3-d objects?
yes, this is called isomorphic, the ability to continously in a manner that is similar to the way we physically rotate objects are able to rotate images.
what is the symbolic distance effect
the more discriminable two real objects are, the more quikcly you are to be able to judge which is bigger or smaller.
As the size increase, the time to make the ____________ __________.
Judgement; decreases
which hemisphere of the brain is best at mental images?
the right hemisphere performs many functions important to the perception of spatial relations
do images cuase a neurological response as if the object were really there?
yes , it does, it acritivates the section in the right hemisphere that would also be important to the process of images
Mental rotation works best on what brain hemisphere?
the right hemisphere
small letters and large letters activate the same regions of the brain?
no, the do not. Large letters activate the front part of the occipital lobe, and the small ones the backmost part of the occipital lobe
do people with hemineglect have problems to process the left side of images?
yes, they do, because images activiate areas of the brain similar to actually observing an object, thus when thes areas fail to activate when imagining and image, the image’s left areas does not come to be as easily.
congenital blindness
blind from birth
do blind participants show the same imagery effects as sighted participatns?
yes, they do show the same effects as sighted participants. Thus, research has shown that blind people can mentally imagine objects, and manipulate them and show that mental rotation can operate on a spatial representiation that does not have any specifially visual components
what is reality monitoring
the ability to discriminate between genuine memories acquired from perceiving the external world from memories generated by the imagination
what are some characteristics of actual experiences?
they have more contextual details than recollections of imagined experiences.
in contrast to real experiences, images are
based purely on imagination and often have more infomration about the cognitive effort used to create them than do memoreis derived from perception
what is one explantiaon of how we asses the reality of our recollections
source monitoring–we are able to determine the source of a specific memory by cmparing its features to the typical fetuares of their entire history of memeories derived from perception and those derived from their imagination. Thus, deciding the reality of our memories based on which set of typical features they are most like.
dual code thoery
the fact that wrods can have mmultiple codes, semantic satiation and verbal representation, was discovered by Paivio
imagery value
the value of how strongly people feel that some words are more imaginale than others
picure superiority effect
pictures are more easily recognized than are words
limits to the picture superiority effect?
they work just fine only when they are visually distincitve, but doesn’t work that well when they are visually similar
what region of the brain is active when encoding words?
left prefontal cortex
what region of the brain is active when encoding objects? Such as faces
right prefontal cortex
what region of the brain is active when encoding namable objects?
both hemispheres
which can you remember better detailed photograph or line drawing?
both work just as well, as long as you are able to recall one line from the drawing, you will be ableto reconstruct the ramining of the picture
visual imagery
refers to the visual apperance of an object, such as its shape, color, or brightness
spatial imagery
refers to the representation of the spatial reltionships between parts of an object or its location in space
do visual and spatial imagery requrie sperate mental process?
yes they do
visualizer–verbalizer
the name of a cognitive style that expresses the degree to which people use visuospatial representation (images or diagrams) or words, expecially while solving mathematics problems
mental spatial ability
the ability to navigate in new places succesfully.
eidetic imagery
the ability to maintain a mental image that has the quality of revigin an earlier perceptual event with great clarity. Popularly referred to as photograhpic memory. It is not afterimages, that move along with the eyes, instead after image or object has been removed, people still feel as if the object is stillocated in the same spot
Commonality of eidetic imagery
it is not very common in adults, more common in readolescent children. It is still rare in children, only 8% of children have eidetic imagery, and with adults 1 in a million
motic imagery
related to similar activity in the motor cortex as well as in other motor-related areas of the brain such as the cerebellum
mental practice vs. true practice
true practice is better help than mental practice is
mental maps characteristics
they are not organized as true pictures, but as a configuration where states and countries line up as if they were rectangles rather than the way they really are: jagged, irregular shapes, ocassionally tilted from the vertical. People make a heuristic of making the irregular geographic boundaries fit a kind of grid, keeping the info as straight as possible
mnemonics
plans for retrival that are well larned and stored in long-term memory. They are used in order to store and later retreive information that would otherwise be stord in short-term memory
method of loci and imagines
method of lice is a mnemonic technique invovles four steps: 1. structure: remember the location and have a firm image of its details. 2. identify each item that is to be remembered and to imagine it as an object. 3. combine the imaged items with the schema already in long-term memory. 4. retreive the information
method of loci and age
the older you get you lose some of the effects, however, some older people do still see significant gains from the method of loci
method of story
creating links athat are not physcal places, but thematic. Linking images that are in a thematical relationship with each other by fitting them into a story
peg-workd method
first commit to memory a fixed set of visual images that are bale to be called up at a moment’s notice, called pegs, and then the new items to be remembered will be hanged from these items, or pegs, drawing an association betwee nthe items and aiding in recall
key-word method
aid to learning a new language or for remembering names and faces. The technique is to form a bridge betwee na foreign word, and one in your own languge, for example. Creatin an association between the two items using images
songs and rhymes
rhyimg or creating jingles is a suful tequnique to rememebr a set of facts, people of all ages benefit from it.
rediculus image story
they have the patients come up with stories using certain words. As such people with amnesia and head injuries, and even greater imporvoement in memory for individuals with multiple sclresosi, illustrating the effectiveness of imagery for improvving memory
language
is a ssytem of communication that presumes there is a speaker and al istenr (interpreter)
natural language
one that is the first or native language of a person
Characteristic of a natural language
it must contain four basic components: a message, rules or physical constraints, a medium of communication, and social constratints
utterances
linguistic expressions, which may be either a speech sound or a gesture
semantics
the words and gestures reflect packets of meaning
how do we derive meaning?
follows three principles: 1. reference principle, 2. whole object principle, 3. nonredundancy of words principle
reference principle
when learning their native language, children interpret utterances to be about whole objects and not the feleings of the speaker
whole object principle
the child shows a preferece for idnetifying words with whole objects rather than a part of an object
nonredundancy of wrods principle
young children act as if there is only one name for an object and every name has only a single thing it points to
holophrastic speech
tendency to find maning beyond what is superficially expresed begins in chidlhood between 18 and 36 months
syntax
rules for how sentences should be put together for each language
can deaf children process language?
yes, both hearing and deaf children process langauge, and provides evidence that the universality of language is based on a common biology
what area of the brain performs syntactic and some semantic analysis?
Broca’s area
Brocas
Grammatical functions impaired, often associated with dysarthria
dysarthria
connections between broa’s area and motor cortex; difficulty and/or reluctance to speak
Wernickes
sysntactically correct, but meaningless phrases; individual often unaware of the problem
aphasia
language problems
word deafness
connection between auditory cortex and wernicke’s area is severed; unable to understand external speech including one’s own; can speak articulately
paroxysmal aphasia
dysfunction of all language areas, often result of epileptic seizure; total aphasia, but can still comprehend the situation (no anosognosia)
Global aphasia (also called total aphasia)
areas around the Sylvian fissure dysfunction; total aphasia with no aimpairment of other cognitive functions
automatic speech
similar to global aphasia; nearly total aphasia except for the ability to recite highly learned phrass or written passages
mixed transcortical
borca’s and Wernicke’s area damaged; Cannot understand or generate novel sentences, but can repeat (with correction) sentences heard
William’s syndrome
associated with a defective gene or chromosome 7. short stature with narrow, elfic faces. IQ between 50-75 and fid it difficult to perform even simple arithmetic functions or create simple drawings. Yet, the y speak so clearly and effortlessly that they would be considered to have normal intelligence based on their languge skills alone.
turner’s syndrome
chromosomally based malady that only affects females, as they are born with only one x chromosome, and it resulsts in a number of overt physical, cardiac, and hormonla difficulties. They have below normal scores on verbal tests, and significantly below normal on spatial and social intelligence measures.
specific language impairment (SLI)
they posses more or less normal intelligence, but have not fully developed lanague. Unlike the first three groups, no clear genetic basis for the condition has been identified. They can understand normal speech, but their own speech speech tends to violate grammatic rules.
Spina bifidia
congenital defect leavesthe vertebrae of the spinal cord exposed. Specific symptoms depend on the level at which the cord is divided. In many cases the child has excessive cerebrospinal fluid, which frequently results in learning difficulies, depending on where a shunt is placed to drain the fluid.
Sapir-Whort Hypothesis/Linguistic Relativity
the language you speak unconsciously shapes your thinking about the world.
counterfactual reasoning
pretend about situation that we know to be false, as in “If I had studied for the test, I would have gotten a good grade.”
Reasoning from assumptions or hypotheses that the reasoner believes to be false.
with respect to mental imagery, research with blind individuals has shown that:
the congenitally blind can form mental images
neurological findings that support the dual code hypothesis show brain activity in the _____, an rea that is implicated in encoding meaning and long-term memory.
medial temporal lobes
which of the following is most easily represented with dual codes?
Animal
the perky (1910) experiments showed that:
people could not always distinguish between real and imagined events
you are asked to imagine a cat standing next to another animal, and the asked whether the cat has a bell on its collar. According to Kossyln’s research, you would answer most quickly if the were standing next to an _____.
ant (an animal smaller than a cat)
Kerr asked congentially blind individuals to learn a 3-d map of an island and then answer questions about the relative locations of the landmarks. These individuals show a _____ relationship between scanning time and the distance between object.
positive
Incorportating a list of items to be rememebred into a narrative mnemonic is called the:
method of story
Imagine that some college studetns are shown a series of pictures and words that they are told to imagine. The studetns would most likely:
perform poorly and confuse whether they had seen words or pictures
Source monitoring does NOT involve which of the following?
translating propositional codes into analog representations
Which of the following is a spatial quality of a mental image?
relative positions of objects
Humans first become sensative to languge
before birth
an adult might use an erroneous verb form
while performing under pressure, because this ifnromation is still in long-term memory from childhood, in a situation that promotes old habits of speaking
a creole is a
pidgin that has become a native language
which of the following is not a principle of how speech sounds sounds are mapped to properties of object?
one hemisphere of the brain is removed
______ refers to the brain’s ability to make new connections after injury and preserve its function
plasticity
during the first year of life infants are sensity to speech sounds of
any language
for those who suffered language disruption due to brain trauma, _____ recover fully, _____ recover some abilities with great deal of effort, and ______ show almost no recovery.
1/3, 1/3, 1/3
the term poverty of the stimulus refers to the
ability to generate language that has not been previously experienced
which of the following is a universally recognized media for language?
gesture
motor theory
states that listerners try to mentally stimulate the creation of the speech sounds they hear. They are able to indetify the speech if thy can match the sounds that their brains have registered by they themselves pretending to reproduce the sounds. Reading the lips will really help such that they can move the lips in a similar fashion and this is known as analysis by synthesis
word deafness:
the ability to hear sounds, but not to identify what they are.
McGurk Effect
when the speakers lips and the sounds are coordinated, the listener identifies sounds accurately, but when lips sounds do not match, the listener hears something that is neighter I nthe mouth movements of the speaker nor in the auditory signal
can people suffering from dysarthria still recognize speech?
yes, they can still perceive speech, and blid children are still abel to learn to speak
interaction models
people interpret the speech sounds they hear and the gestures they see by evaluating the entire context, including the semantics of wrods, the syntax of the uttrances, and the themes of the social interaction
cohot model
two stage theory at the world level. First stage: we detect the component sounds at the beginning of a word, which activates all of the possiblewords in long-term memory that have a similar set of sounds, called cohot. Second stage: all other possible sources of infomraito nare brought in to help eliminate wrods that are not the target word.
trace model
assumes the listener will use all the information at his disposal, all at once (in parallel) to identify what is being said.
fuzzy logic model
treats speech perception like all other forms of perception: It assumes that everyone has stored idealized or “prototypical” forms of speech sounds in their long-term memory and uses those prototypes forms of speech sounds in their long-term memory and uses those prototypes to determine which sound the you have just heard.
mentally practicing a sport may be the most useful for improving performance y:
increasing motivation
people with Charles Bonnet Syndrome:
are blind, have visual hallucinations of people, have severely impaired imagery ability
it could be argued that participants report longer traveling large distances simply because they expect this relatinship to exist. This potential confound has been succesfully controlled by giving participants
misleading ifnromation about the expected results
which of the following is a correctly ordered list of steps for an amnesic patient to learn the riducuous image story technique
study story, remember target words, receive word list, create story
visualizing your gold swing is an example of ______ imagery
motoric
Hill and collegues found that some older adults trained to use the method of story outperformed those who were not given any strategy instruction on a recall test. Using this method of story was effective in increasing older adult’s recall for:
immediate testing and delayed testing
picturing your stove while trying to remember if you turned it off is an exampole of
reality monotoring
Which of the follwing is an example of holophrastic speech
someone yelling “Fire!” to get people out of a building
Which of the following would be most useful for a child’s language development?
playing with friends
A natural languge must have all of the follwing except
physiological constraints
Sapir and Whorf studied anthropologists reports of Native American langugaes and hypothesized that
the language you speak unconsciously shapes your thinking about the world.
feral children provide psychologists with a unique source of information because these children:
may not have developed langauge normally
dysarthria is associated with damage to the
connection between Broca’s are and the motor cortex
which of the following is NOT characteristic of people with Williams syndrome?
poor communication skills
the linguisic relativity hypothesis refers to the idea that
cognition is shaped by language
______ is the process of linking the speakers words to his or her intended meaning
bridging
people with word blindness show that phonemic awerness ______ word recognition
can be indepenedent of
poor readers and normal readers are equally good at copying ____, but poor readers do not do as well copying _____.
shapes, real words
When we hear an ambigous clause at the beginning of a sentence, we commit to a particular interpretation of its content
at the clause boundary
Which of the following is an example of a commissive speech act?
“I am pleased that I don’t have any homework
Interaction models state that people perform speech recogntiion by evaluating the ____ of the message
linguistic and social elments
in the integration stage of the fuzzy logical model, the listener
estimates to what extent the prototype matches the input
the arcuate fasciculus and the left auditory cotex are implicated in
pure word deafness
the Reality principle helps us
fill in the missing parts of a message based on context
The tower of Hanoi problem asks people to:
rearrange pegs on disks
a man has a tumor in his body, and a way sufficiently stron enough to destroy it would harm his healhty tissue.When students are asked to figure out how else the turmo can be treated, they ____ answer this problem correctly
rarely
Given the choice to (a) allow fve people to hit by a trolley or (b) push a large man onto the track to stop the torlley, people typically choose:
A
In problem solving, the ____ state is the starting point and the ____ state is the desired condition
current; goal
people with frontal lobe damage have particular difficulty with the Tower of Hanoi problem because finding its solution:
conflicts with a hill-climbing strategy
compared to university studetns, scientists are ____ accurate at the 2-4-6 task
equally
the amount of time it takes to solve a problem is ____ related to the number of subgoals a person creates
positively
although using analogies can be useful for solving problems, this strategy:
can be misleading
when someone considered impersonal dilemmas, people show more activity in the ____ and parietal areas: these areas are associated with working memory
not ventromedial prefontal cortex, medial frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus
Knoblich et al (2004) used matchsticks to express invalid math formulas in terms of roman numericals (e.g., I-I=III). They asked people to move only matchsticks to correct the problem. Accoridng to their results, which of the following should eb easiest for poeple to solve?
changing II to II
one explanation for the sunk cost efffect is that people believe:
adding to an investment will imporve their chances of reaching a goal
Medical students are told, “if you hear hoof beats on main street, don’t look for zebras,” which means that more common, plausible explantions should be considered first before moving on to les slikely explanations. This trategy ma byield more accruate diagnoses and treatment becasue:
when diseases are very rare, even highly accurate tests can be wrong
three business partners recentyl opened a clothing store. Their year-long lease is coming to an end, and the store ahs not been profitable because there is little predestrian traffic nearby. The partners seem to have fallen victim to the sunk cost fallacy becasue they are:
remodeling the existing store and promoting a new advertising campaign
some college roomates are looking for a new place to live, so they make a list of the benefits and drawbacks of several houses they have seen for rent. Based on a number of studies by Dijksterhuis, you would expect them to make the BEST choice if they make the list and decide which house is best:
after being distracted for a few minutes
Your roomate is trying to plan her busy schedule for the last week of the semester. Although she needs to study for finals, she is only setting aside a small amount of time to work because her boyfriend will be in town. According to uncousncious thought theory, she ould probably allocate her time if she:
thought about somehting else before arriving at a decision
the doubling strategy called the Martingale system is problematic because
People have limited resources to invest, ther may be a limited number of betting opportunitites, the eventual return can be very small
people with an internal locus of ocntrol are prone to commiting the hot outcome fallacy because they:
believe they have discovered a pattern if they anticipate an outcome
Students read about a tall, muscular man who lives on an island and runs and lifts weights every day. Studetns in group A are told there are more teachers than professional athletes on this island, whereas those in group B are told there are more atheletes than teachers. Based on Kahneman and Tverskys’s research you would expect studetns in Group A to say the man is a ____ and studtns in group B to say the man is a ____>
athelete; athelete
Hot hand refers to a person’s belief in:
clusters of personal success
Deontic rules are useful for:
Maintaining peace, detecting violations, negotiation
the _____ is hihgly active when people solve linear syllogsism with concrete relations, whereas the ___ is highly active whe nthe realtions are abstract or unfamiliar
Left hemisphere; occipital lobe
people are given a slection task which aks the mto test a rather strange rule: If astrid wears blue socks, then it must be Tuesday. Based on a study by Maanktelow & Evans (1979) you would expect their accuracy to be _____ performance on selecition tasks that test _____ rules.
similar to; abstract
people incorrectly convert relations to:
make them symmetrical, interpret them in the simplest way, reduce the need to keep track of expectations
People are _____ when they evaluate syllogisms presetned in a canonical linear order
fast and accurate
Banks et al (1975) students are asked to judge the relative position of two ballons are two yo-yos on a vertical dimenstion. In tersm of accuracy and speed ,studetns perfomrances would be best if they asked which ballon is _____and which yo-yo is_____.
hihger; lower
The bleif-bias effect occurs when people
allow their personal belifs to incluence their logical reasoning
If _____ is _______, peole are more likely to make belief bias errors.
system 2; interfered with
The priciple of ______ is one of two language processing principles important for solving linear syllogisms
congruity
the selctino task is a test of _____.
reasoning
A student has difficulty understanding and solving word problems about distance and rate, although he likes to represent these problems as pictures rather than formulas. His difficulty with this type of problem despite his strong preference for visualization can MOST likely be attributed to him having:
low spatial ability.
Which of the following is NOT true of propositional codes?
resemble an experience.
Which of the following is a correctly ordered list of steps for an amnesic patient to learn the ridiculous image story (RIS) technique?
study story; remember target words; receive word list; create story
A mental image can be about ______.
planning your jogging route
the texture of a dog’s fur
the sound of your teacher’s voice
Who is most susceptible to semantic satiation?
young adults
Which of the following demonstrates a way in which mental imagery and visual perception are isomorphic?
The time taken to perform a mental rotation is comparable to the amount of time it would take to physically rotate the two objects.
Students view a series of cards and are asked to remember the order in which they were presented. According to the picture superiority effect, this task should be easiest for people who are presented with ______.
playing cards
Which of the following is MOST easily represented with dual codes?
animal
Studies that have trained people to imagine passing a volleyball or swinging a golf club (as opposed to not engaging in any physical or mental practice) have demonstrated that mental rehearsal:
can improve physical performance.
Kerr asked congenitally blind individuals to learn a 3-D map of an island and then answer questions about the relative locations of the landmarks. These individuals show a ______ relationship between scanning time and the distance between objects.
positive
Which of the following is NOT one of the seven basic linguistic functions identified by Slobin?
refuse
Language is considered a cognitive universal because all normal healthy individuals learn to:
speak
Infants can distinguish their mother’s voice and language from those of others because they are sensitive to ______ during the third trimester.
prosody
The meaningful components of a language are collectively called
semantics
Compared to human language, animal communication appears to lack ______.
syntactic rules
The term poverty of the stimulus refers to the:
ability to generate language that has not been previously experienced.
It is unclear whether languages:
originated from one or many sources
Which of the following is NOT a typical combination of subject (S), object (O), and (V) verb?
VOS
A natural language must have all of following EXCEPT:
psychological constraints.
For those who have suffered language disruption due to brain trauma, ______ recover fully, ______ recover some abilities with a great deal of effort, and ______ show almost no recovery.
.
1/3; 1/3; 1/3
Conduction aphasia is characterized by ______.
difficulty repeating sentences
______ provided the first evidence for the possibility of reading based on direct visual access.
Deaf people
In the integration stage of the fuzzy logic model, the listener:
estimates to what extent the prototype matches the input.
Listeners can access multiple meanings of ambiguous words and retain them in working memory for about ______.
300 msec
Which of the following models of speech recognition assumes that people store prototypical speech sounds in long-term memory?
fuzzy logic
Women tend to have ______ representation for language in the brain and are therefore ______ than men to have significant language impairments following a stroke.
bilateral; less likely
The indirect access hypothesis emphasizes ______ processing.
bottom-up
The teacher says to her assistant, “Alex will be late today.” The assistant’s knowledge that Alex is scheduled to work is ______ information, and the time of his arrival is ______ information.
A.
given; new
Compared to more skilled readers, all of the following are true of poor readers EXCEPT that
they take longer to read the ends of sentences.
The translation of visual characters into subvocal speech is called ______ recoding.
speech
The problem-solving strategy that relies upon forming and accomplishing subgoals is called ______ analysis.
means-ends
Which of the following is a step in means-end analysis?
All of the answers are correct.
A representation of a problem includes:
the questions it asks.
D.
the facts it specifies.
methods that can be used to solve it.
.
0.1 out of 0.1 points
The general problem solver includes libraries of condition–action pairs known as ______ systems.
production
Another student in the class states that all health care providers can write prescriptions, and you respond by saying that most psychologists cannot prescribe drugs. You are using a ______ strategy to argue against your classmate’s statement.
disconfirmation
During the twentieth century, psychologists interested in ______ principles put forth some important ideas about how people mentally represent problems.
Gestalt
The first computer program that impacted cognitive psychology simulated how people:
prove math theorems.
A man has a tumor in his body, and a ray sufficiently strong enough to destroy it would harm his healthy tissue. When students are asked to figure out how else the tumor can be treated, they ______ answer this problem correctly.
rarely
Regarding the Hobbits and Orcs problem, Thomas (1974), people tend to have the MOST
reversing their previous moves.
Compared to university students, scientists are ______ accurate at the 2-4-6 task.
equally
Metacognition refers to a person’s ability to:
monitor his or her own thoughts.
Cosmides and colleagues (2010) compared performance on the selection task with respect to ______ contracts to determine whether appropriate reasoning can be elicited solely by the activation of a permission schema.
social and nonsocial
Deontic rules are useful for:
detecting violations.
B.
maintaining peace.
CorrectC.
All of the answers are correct.
D.
negotiation.
People are given a selection task which asks them to test a rather strange rule: If Astrid wears blue socks, then it must be Tuesday. Based on a study by Manktelow & Evans (1979), you would expect their accuracy to be ______ performance on selection tasks that test ______ rules.
similar to; abstract
Given This shape is a triangle and All triangles are polygons, what can you conclude?
This shape is a polygon.
______ is an example of a marked term, whereas ______ is unmarked.
Deep; shallow
Which of the following skills is first demonstrated in Stage 1 reasoning development?
conditional reasoning
Concurrent tasks that interfere with the ______ disrupt a person’s ability to solve four-term linear syllogisms.
visuospatial sketchpad
You are shown four cards that are printed with a letter on one side and a number on the other: E, F, 5, and 6. In order to test the rule If there is a vowel on one side of the card, there is an even number on the other side, it is not necessary to turn over ______.
F
People’s performance on the selection task is BEST when the problem is presented:
as a familiar scenario.
On the show Let’s Make a Deal, contestants chose one of three curtains they believed concealed a prize. One of the other curtains was pulled back to reveal an undesirable prize, and the contestants were asked whether they wanted to keep or change their original selection. People typically think it is best to ______, whereas the ideal solution is to ______.
choose either option because both are equally probable; switch curtains
Students read about a tall, muscular man who lives on an island and runs and lifts weights every day. Students in Group A are told there are more teachers than professional athletes on this island, whereas those in Group B are told there are more athletes than teachers. Based on Kahneman and Tversky’s research, you would to expect students in Group A to say the man is a(n) ______ and students in Group B to say the man is a(n) ______.
athlete; athlete
When considering the accuracy of a medical test, you need to know the ______ of the disease to fully understand the likelihood of diagnostic error.
base rate
Students are told about a disease epidemic and asked to choose a course of action to address it. In one scenario, they are given option (A), which saves 200 people, or option (B), which offers as a 1/3 probability 600 people will be saved and a 2/3 probability no one will be saved. In another scenario, the options are framed as plan (C), which kills 400 people, or plan (D), which offers a 1/3 probability that no one will die and a 2/3 probability everyone will die. People will MOST likely choose:
.
A) and (D
Three cups are turned upside down on a table, and a ball is hidden under one of them. The assumption that each cup has a 1/3 probability of having the ball under it is based on the:
number of cases heuristic.
Students are given the relative probabilities of soccer players, swimmers, boys, and girls enrolled in the athletic league. They are asked to estimate the probability that a player is a female swimmer. You would expect them to find the task difficult when the relevant probabilities are ______ and more successful if the probabilities are ______.
percentages; frequencies
The dual process explanation of heuristic processing says that both systems are engaged when people are:
torn between heuristic and rational decisions.
An algorithm:
guarantees a solution.
Of the 100 children at summer camp, 40 come from California. This value is called a(n) ______ rate
base
The hot hand is only demonstrated:
A.
by the top competitors in an area.
CorrectB.
None of the answers is correct.
C.
by men.
D.
in some disciplines.
