study guide for cognitive 8-13 final exam Flashcards
What are images?
seemingly perceptual experiences that we hve iwthout the presence of an external source for the perception–the image come from inside us, from our ind’s eye
motoric imagery
when we mentally rehearse a dance or image making a great play on an atheletic field, images that have motor actions attached to them
haptic
such as when we imagine touching sandpaper, images that have touch sensation attached to it
difference betwee nhallucination and images
images are under our control and we do not experience them as coming from outside of us as happens with halluciantions
Can mental images be manipulated?
yes images can be manipulated to meet our goals, sich as trying to remember if we closed the door, or what way we should go
What is way finding
refers to the cognitive process people employ in a spatial environment in order to arrive at a goal
How can images help us remember?
It helps us remember when it is able to provide an association–a link–betwee nthe items that people are trying to remember.
What is analog code?
they are like maps or moving pictures; they preserve the rlatinship among the elements of the image as if a person were experiencing them directly. For example, a map captures the distanced and directions among locations; mercury thermometer expresses termperature continously as the height of liquid; a watch with hands indicated the passage of time with the angle the q2 and the small hand. The information conveyed by the physical system is abstract.
propositional code
propositions are the smallest unit ofk nowledge that can be either true or false. These images do not resemble the physical stimulus as a mental picture might; however, propositions can express the underlying meaning of the stimulus. A list of directions would be propositional code, while a map diagram would be an analog code
which one takes longer o scan, large or small distances on a map?
large distances take longer to scan, despite expecations; our spatial layout preserve the spatial relations, thus we are using an analog code to scan our images
limits to our ability to use images
images are not the same as when you have a figure infront of us, as our mental eye cannot find certain figures hidden within our images.
can you remember what was covered in class while remmebering what you have to do after class? Explain
no, becausae they are both demanding attention that reurie the same or overlapping cognitive resources, verbal processing
can humans mentally rotate 2-d and 3-d objects?
yes, this is called isomorphic, the ability to continously in a manner that is similar to the way we physically rotate objects are able to rotate images.
what is the symbolic distance effect
the more discriminable two real objects are, the more quikcly you are to be able to judge which is bigger or smaller.
As the size increase, the time to make the ____________ __________.
Judgement; decreases
which hemisphere of the brain is best at mental images?
the right hemisphere performs many functions important to the perception of spatial relations
do images cuase a neurological response as if the object were really there?
yes , it does, it acritivates the section in the right hemisphere that would also be important to the process of images
Mental rotation works best on what brain hemisphere?
the right hemisphere
small letters and large letters activate the same regions of the brain?
no, the do not. Large letters activate the front part of the occipital lobe, and the small ones the backmost part of the occipital lobe
do people with hemineglect have problems to process the left side of images?
yes, they do, because images activiate areas of the brain similar to actually observing an object, thus when thes areas fail to activate when imagining and image, the image’s left areas does not come to be as easily.
congenital blindness
blind from birth
do blind participants show the same imagery effects as sighted participatns?
yes, they do show the same effects as sighted participants. Thus, research has shown that blind people can mentally imagine objects, and manipulate them and show that mental rotation can operate on a spatial representiation that does not have any specifially visual components
what is reality monitoring
the ability to discriminate between genuine memories acquired from perceiving the external world from memories generated by the imagination
what are some characteristics of actual experiences?
they have more contextual details than recollections of imagined experiences.
in contrast to real experiences, images are
based purely on imagination and often have more infomration about the cognitive effort used to create them than do memoreis derived from perception
what is one explantiaon of how we asses the reality of our recollections
source monitoring–we are able to determine the source of a specific memory by cmparing its features to the typical fetuares of their entire history of memeories derived from perception and those derived from their imagination. Thus, deciding the reality of our memories based on which set of typical features they are most like.
dual code thoery
the fact that wrods can have mmultiple codes, semantic satiation and verbal representation, was discovered by Paivio
imagery value
the value of how strongly people feel that some words are more imaginale than others
picure superiority effect
pictures are more easily recognized than are words
limits to the picture superiority effect?
they work just fine only when they are visually distincitve, but doesn’t work that well when they are visually similar
what region of the brain is active when encoding words?
left prefontal cortex
what region of the brain is active when encoding objects? Such as faces
right prefontal cortex
what region of the brain is active when encoding namable objects?
both hemispheres
which can you remember better detailed photograph or line drawing?
both work just as well, as long as you are able to recall one line from the drawing, you will be ableto reconstruct the ramining of the picture
visual imagery
refers to the visual apperance of an object, such as its shape, color, or brightness
spatial imagery
refers to the representation of the spatial reltionships between parts of an object or its location in space
do visual and spatial imagery requrie sperate mental process?
yes they do
visualizer–verbalizer
the name of a cognitive style that expresses the degree to which people use visuospatial representation (images or diagrams) or words, expecially while solving mathematics problems
mental spatial ability
the ability to navigate in new places succesfully.
eidetic imagery
the ability to maintain a mental image that has the quality of revigin an earlier perceptual event with great clarity. Popularly referred to as photograhpic memory. It is not afterimages, that move along with the eyes, instead after image or object has been removed, people still feel as if the object is stillocated in the same spot
Commonality of eidetic imagery
it is not very common in adults, more common in readolescent children. It is still rare in children, only 8% of children have eidetic imagery, and with adults 1 in a million
motic imagery
related to similar activity in the motor cortex as well as in other motor-related areas of the brain such as the cerebellum
mental practice vs. true practice
true practice is better help than mental practice is
mental maps characteristics
they are not organized as true pictures, but as a configuration where states and countries line up as if they were rectangles rather than the way they really are: jagged, irregular shapes, ocassionally tilted from the vertical. People make a heuristic of making the irregular geographic boundaries fit a kind of grid, keeping the info as straight as possible
mnemonics
plans for retrival that are well larned and stored in long-term memory. They are used in order to store and later retreive information that would otherwise be stord in short-term memory
method of loci and imagines
method of lice is a mnemonic technique invovles four steps: 1. structure: remember the location and have a firm image of its details. 2. identify each item that is to be remembered and to imagine it as an object. 3. combine the imaged items with the schema already in long-term memory. 4. retreive the information
method of loci and age
the older you get you lose some of the effects, however, some older people do still see significant gains from the method of loci
method of story
creating links athat are not physcal places, but thematic. Linking images that are in a thematical relationship with each other by fitting them into a story
peg-workd method
first commit to memory a fixed set of visual images that are bale to be called up at a moment’s notice, called pegs, and then the new items to be remembered will be hanged from these items, or pegs, drawing an association betwee nthe items and aiding in recall
key-word method
aid to learning a new language or for remembering names and faces. The technique is to form a bridge betwee na foreign word, and one in your own languge, for example. Creatin an association between the two items using images
songs and rhymes
rhyimg or creating jingles is a suful tequnique to rememebr a set of facts, people of all ages benefit from it.
rediculus image story
they have the patients come up with stories using certain words. As such people with amnesia and head injuries, and even greater imporvoement in memory for individuals with multiple sclresosi, illustrating the effectiveness of imagery for improvving memory
language
is a ssytem of communication that presumes there is a speaker and al istenr (interpreter)
natural language
one that is the first or native language of a person
Characteristic of a natural language
it must contain four basic components: a message, rules or physical constraints, a medium of communication, and social constratints
utterances
linguistic expressions, which may be either a speech sound or a gesture
semantics
the words and gestures reflect packets of meaning
how do we derive meaning?
follows three principles: 1. reference principle, 2. whole object principle, 3. nonredundancy of words principle
reference principle
when learning their native language, children interpret utterances to be about whole objects and not the feleings of the speaker
whole object principle
the child shows a preferece for idnetifying words with whole objects rather than a part of an object
nonredundancy of wrods principle
young children act as if there is only one name for an object and every name has only a single thing it points to
holophrastic speech
tendency to find maning beyond what is superficially expresed begins in chidlhood between 18 and 36 months
syntax
rules for how sentences should be put together for each language
can deaf children process language?
yes, both hearing and deaf children process langauge, and provides evidence that the universality of language is based on a common biology
what area of the brain performs syntactic and some semantic analysis?
Broca’s area
Brocas
Grammatical functions impaired, often associated with dysarthria
dysarthria
connections between broa’s area and motor cortex; difficulty and/or reluctance to speak
Wernickes
sysntactically correct, but meaningless phrases; individual often unaware of the problem
aphasia
language problems
word deafness
connection between auditory cortex and wernicke’s area is severed; unable to understand external speech including one’s own; can speak articulately
paroxysmal aphasia
dysfunction of all language areas, often result of epileptic seizure; total aphasia, but can still comprehend the situation (no anosognosia)
Global aphasia (also called total aphasia)
areas around the Sylvian fissure dysfunction; total aphasia with no aimpairment of other cognitive functions
automatic speech
similar to global aphasia; nearly total aphasia except for the ability to recite highly learned phrass or written passages
mixed transcortical
borca’s and Wernicke’s area damaged; Cannot understand or generate novel sentences, but can repeat (with correction) sentences heard
William’s syndrome
associated with a defective gene or chromosome 7. short stature with narrow, elfic faces. IQ between 50-75 and fid it difficult to perform even simple arithmetic functions or create simple drawings. Yet, the y speak so clearly and effortlessly that they would be considered to have normal intelligence based on their languge skills alone.
turner’s syndrome
chromosomally based malady that only affects females, as they are born with only one x chromosome, and it resulsts in a number of overt physical, cardiac, and hormonla difficulties. They have below normal scores on verbal tests, and significantly below normal on spatial and social intelligence measures.
specific language impairment (SLI)
they posses more or less normal intelligence, but have not fully developed lanague. Unlike the first three groups, no clear genetic basis for the condition has been identified. They can understand normal speech, but their own speech speech tends to violate grammatic rules.
Spina bifidia
congenital defect leavesthe vertebrae of the spinal cord exposed. Specific symptoms depend on the level at which the cord is divided. In many cases the child has excessive cerebrospinal fluid, which frequently results in learning difficulies, depending on where a shunt is placed to drain the fluid.
Sapir-Whort Hypothesis/Linguistic Relativity
the language you speak unconsciously shapes your thinking about the world.
counterfactual reasoning
pretend about situation that we know to be false, as in “If I had studied for the test, I would have gotten a good grade.”
Reasoning from assumptions or hypotheses that the reasoner believes to be false.
with respect to mental imagery, research with blind individuals has shown that:
the congenitally blind can form mental images
neurological findings that support the dual code hypothesis show brain activity in the _____, an rea that is implicated in encoding meaning and long-term memory.
medial temporal lobes
which of the following is most easily represented with dual codes?
Animal
the perky (1910) experiments showed that:
people could not always distinguish between real and imagined events
you are asked to imagine a cat standing next to another animal, and the asked whether the cat has a bell on its collar. According to Kossyln’s research, you would answer most quickly if the were standing next to an _____.
ant (an animal smaller than a cat)
Kerr asked congentially blind individuals to learn a 3-d map of an island and then answer questions about the relative locations of the landmarks. These individuals show a _____ relationship between scanning time and the distance between object.
positive
Incorportating a list of items to be rememebred into a narrative mnemonic is called the:
method of story
Imagine that some college studetns are shown a series of pictures and words that they are told to imagine. The studetns would most likely:
perform poorly and confuse whether they had seen words or pictures
