mexican history review Flashcards
When did the mexican revolution begin?
September 16, 1810
Who launched the revolution
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Who was Miguel Hidalgo
Born in 1753 on the Hacienda de Corralejo in state of Guanajuato
Studied theology in the city of Valladolid, now Morelia, and graduated from and became rector of the seminary of San Nicolas
What complaints did they have against Miguel Hidalgo
Their complaints were moral and theological:
He was a proff. Gambler, and was free in his treatment of women
What people were really upset about was his thoughts. That he thought hell wasn’t real, that he mocked Saint Teresa, he preached about intellectual freedome, and he himself would read banned books.
What helped Hidalgo overcome these accusations?
he had support of ecclasiastic and civil athorities of his dioceses and district
What occurred that helped Hidalgo justify his rise for Independecne
Napoleon’s invasion of spain in sept. of 1808 and the imprisonment of King Ferdinand VII
How did the invasion of Napoleon lead to the revolution?
They claimed that they were only trying to protect the Catholic religion against the French heritics, which were incarnated in the gachupines
What famous speech was given on September 16
El grito, done by miguel hidalgo in the early morning of sept. 16 to rally the indians at the square of dolores, where he called for the indians to free the prisoners and lock up the spaniards, so that they could reclaim what they had lost to the gachupines
How long did it take for the men to take most of the Bajio and for the troops to multiply?
In a matter of days most of the Bajio was up in flames and the few hundred indians were now twenty thousand men(indians and caste)
Principal driving force?
the protection of religion from the French heretics and their incarnations in the New World, the Gachupines. They thought the Europeans present in New Spain had become corrupt and Frenchified, so they had to be removed to protect the Catholic faith from corruption
What happened at the city of Guanajuato
The insurgency attacked and murdered all of the spaniards that were taking refuge at Alhondiga de Granaditas, which was a grain silo.
Who was the only spaniard saved at Guanajuato?
Lucas Alaman was saved, and he would come to be Mexico’s prominent historian for the first part of Mexican History
Hidalgo also occupied what city?
Valladolid and then Guadalajara
What did the creoles part of the ____________________ (council) think after the collapse of the monarchs to the French?
Those who were a part of the ayuntamiento, thought that they were to be free and soverign now, since in historic times, when the monarch was unable to rule, juntas would govern, and even the viceroy would come to think that the ayuntamiento, the national junta of Mexico should be the one to govern New Spain.
Who was the Viceroy after the collapse of the monarchs, and what were his plans?
the viceroy was Jose de Iturrigary, who, if he played his cards right, might be seeing a Mexican crown on his head, which is why he allowed the ayuntamiento to form the junta to begin governing of Mexico, but Spaniards who opposed this, forcibly removed his and sent him back to Spain at Veracruz, where upon arrival he was imprisoned.
what was Hidalgo’s downfall?
allowed himself to be treated as a soverign and inactions at the Monte de las Cruces, near Mexico city, he decided not to attack, moving to guadalajara, where he partied, made official appointments, lived surrounded by gaurds and women, and was addressed with the title “Most Serene Highness”
While in the outskirts of Mexico City he halted and didn’t enter Mexico city, and when the royal artillary began to ensue, the indians became startled, and so Hidalgo moves to the northern city of Guadalajara, where he murderes the Gachupines that he invites in with false claims of being treated well in the new nation, but really only sets them up to be murdered, and while he is here, he is treated as a king, being called “
What did hidalgo do to avoid being captured?
he began to move north, toward chihuahua and texas, maybe in hopes of being able to reach the u.s. and avoid prosecution in new spain.
How was hidalgo captured?
royalist officer lured him into an ambush by closing all the water holes, but one, and had him captured alive, along with the other leaders of the insurgency, an taken to Chihuahua.
What happened at Chihuahua for his trial?
He declared himsef sicerely repentatn, taking responsibility for the massecres of Spaniards in valladolid and guadalajara and guanajuato. Claimed his intentions was to place the kingdom at the disposition of Don Ferdinand VII. He was charged, tried, and executed on July 30, 1811
What happened on july 30, 1811
The leaders of the insurgency were executed
Who were the leaders of the insurgency along with Hidalgo
Allende, Aldama, Jimenez
Where did the final shot that killed Hidalgo hit?
It was shot right into his Heart
What was done to deter furthere rebellions?
they placed the heads of the leaders on the four walls of the city of Guanajuato, where they had murdered all of the spaniards there at the Alhondiga de Granaditas, and remained there until the end of the revolutionary war (war for independence)(
Who took up the cause for revolution after hidalgo?
Father Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon
Bio on Morelos
Born in 1765 in Valladolid, Michoacan; was a mestizo; enrolled in the Colegio de San Nicolas in 1789 when Hidalgo was rector. Graduated and began to minister in a poor village of Michoacan, where he helped to gain some money by organizing a group of mule-drivers to move grain, brandy, and cattle from the village of Nocupetaro to Valladolid, but wasn’t interested in becoming rich
How did Morelos differ from Hidalgo
he differed in the fact that he had some knowledge about warfare from the Military Instructions by Prussia’s Frederick the Great, carefully chose his lieutenants: the galeana brothers and the bravo brothers; carefully managed the treasure with total honesty, and had a sense of order that governed every action Morelos took, and promotions were based only on merit
Who wanted to resolve the issue of independence and loyalty, and was a caudillo of the NATIONAL Supreme Junta
Ignacio Rayan, who had been acknowledged as the leader of the insurgency after Hidalgo’s death, and so Morelos answered to him as the leader.
What did Rayon propose to fix the problem?
Sovereignty arises directly form the people, resides in the person of Ferdinand VII and is exercised by the American National Supreme Congress. Born here, resides there, and returns here again because it is exercised here
how did Morelos treat his men and enemies?
Moreles expected order from his men, and didn’t allow any looters and robberies, and was unforgiving with his enemies without being bloodthirsty
what was his motivation?
political and military aims, not by ethnic hated or the desire for social revenge. He just wanted to have the political control to fall onto the creoles and not to be controlled by the gachupines from Eruope
what did hidalgo abolish after he was excommunicated?
Slavery
What had Morelos already controlled by the time he was in Oaxaca?
Colima to Guatemala, southern Puebla, Veracruz and Michoacan.
What city did they try to take over, that caused problems?
Acapulco
What happened to the relationships between Rayon and Morelos?
Rayon watned to keep morelos in line, so he could keep the power, but most of the insurgents recognized morelos as the actual leader of the insurgency, so when Rayon kept sending inspectors and slowing down morelos and aiding the enemy indirectly, Morelos stripped Rayon of his powerful position and abolished the junta, calling for th the Congress of Anahuac
When and where did the Congress of Anahuac first meet?
Chilpancingo in Sept. of 1813
What was the first thng the congress would do at Chilpancingo
Declare Mexican Independence
What was another name for the congress fo Anahuac
Congress of Chilpancingo
What type of system did the congress of chilpancingo adopt for the new nation
representioant, separation of the three branches of government, civil rights, and freedom of expression, the new naton would be a republic like its admired northern neighbor. Expcept in relgiion. It had to be catholic republic.
what happened to morelos when he put himself at the servcie of the congress?
The congress stripped him of all military power
Why did Morelos begin to fall?
Defeat by agustin de Itrubide at Valladolid, lost Matamoros and Galeana, and the attitude of Rayon, as he didn’t keep Morelos informed of the events that transpired in the Bajio. But mostly the problem of having to submit to the power of the congress, as he had to help protect the congress while in battle.
When did the congres finish drafting a constitution?
October 1814 in the village of Apatzingan
What happened to morelos shortly afterward?
Forced into an unequal battle, he ended up having to flea on foot after his defeat and was then captured by Matias Carrasco who took him back to Mexico city, where he was paraded and people would admire him or others would curse him, but they all saw him and became a leged. wen through the trails of Ecclesiastical, military and tribunal of the INquisition. Only act of weakness according to some was denouncing by name his comrades-in-arms who were still hiding in the mountains
What did the Holy Court of the Inquisition believe executing morelos would do?
help to set an example and deter others from doing the same. He was then executed on the patio of an old mansion of the viceory in the village of San Cristobal, where he got four bullets, but he wasn’t dead and shoot him four last times which gave the final blows.
who led the final chapter of the insurgency?
Agustin de Iturbide
How lond did Iturbide take togain independence
seven months
what was Iturbide’s record against the insurgents?
it was a list of how he took fierce coudillos, caputred fortifications difficult to assault, and most of all won victories over the most illustrious insurgent leaders :liceaga, rayon, and even morelos himself at Valladolid
What was a negative aspect of Iturbide?
His cruelty. He was harsh beyond measure with the Insurgents, and had a drive to enrich himself by any manner or means
What was the Plan de Iguala
It was a plan to igualar the people. Described as trigarante as it would guarantee three funamental principles
what were the three principles guaranteed by the Plan de Iguala?
it guaranteed the unity of all ethnic and social groups, the exclusive rights of Roman Catholicism, and absolute indpendence from Spain
What treaty ended the mexican war for independence?
treaties of Cordoba singed August 1821 by Itrubidy and the last Viceroy of New Spain.
what did the treaty say the new nation would establish as a gov.
they would establish a constiutional monarchy with leader being a Bourbon prince or European prince
What happened on September 27, 1821
Iturbide marched into Mexico City and the war for independence came to an end
In the intermediate time that the government was being set up what happened?
Iturbide shared power with a provisional council of regents and with the national congress, created to draw upa constituion for the new nation
what did spain say in response to the mexican independence
Spain rejected mexican empire and rejected the proposition of sending a prince to rule the empire, and the vatican also didn’t recognize the empire
who then took the governing position?
iturbide became constitutional emperor of Mexico, july 21, 1822
why did this not go down well with many people?
it wasn’t really a part of the tradition, it didn’t belong in the america’s, as it wasn’t a true part of the culture. Then Iturbide broke with traidition and had himself crowned by the president of the congress, and then he crowned his own wife.
What was wrong with Iturbides speech?
not speaking as an emperor but as a member of congress, and was self-critical, damaging himself with clear signs of insecurity, and was speaking as an old disillusioned king
What became evident while Iturbide’s rule?
mines abandoned, haciendas devastated, industrial development brought to a standstill, and the capital of the country had left abroad, so they were in complete bankruptcy
What was the greatest problem that stagnated the country?
Rivalry between Iturbide and congress
what did iturbide do in response to these problems with conress?
disslved congress and put inplace an ineffective and unpopular junta
what did the people do in response to these situation
the people rebelled against Iturbide and so in resopnse iturbde reinstates the old congress, abdicates on March 19, 1823 and is exiled
What is the end of Iturbide
Hearing of a spanish invasion of Mexcio in 1823, he heads off to Mexico eager fore renewed glory, but upon arrival to the state of Tamaulipas, near Tampico at the port of Soto la Marina, Iturbide is captured and sent to Padilla, where he is condmned to die on July 19, 1824, and was then excuted by firing squad.
Political arena in 1824
Federal consitution adopted, Guadalupe Victoria became first president of Mexico
What did the federal constition of 1824 establish?
Representative congress, a judiciary, each state was to be a free and soverign body, with own constituion, electings its own governor, legislature, and judiciary. Individual rights were guaranteed, but only Catholicism was permitted as a religion
who were the York Rite Masons
anti-spanish, radical, pro-american, federalists, embryonic libers
Who were the Sotish Rite Masons?
Pro-English, moderates, centralists, and embyonic conservatives
What masonic lodge was in charge by 1828 and who was leader of it?
York Lodge founded by Joel R. Poinsett, first U.S. embassador to Mexico
What internal struggle was ensuing withing the York Lodge?
The moderates chose General Manuel Gomez Pedraza, and radicals selected Vicente Guerrero
Who won the election of 1828?
Gomez Pedraza
How was Gomez Pedraza’s administration?
He was removed from power by Guerrero who organzied a rebellion and was supported indespensably by Santa Anna
What happened to Guerrero in the end?
Was deposed by Congress as he was mentaly incapable of governing, and Guerreror returend to guerrilla warfare, and so Picaluga brought Guerrero in at the port of Huatulco in state of Oaxaca, and on February 13, 1831, he was facing the firign squad
What was the esstntial unit of life in the mexican country side?
The Hacienda
what was the cause of the economic collapse in Mexico?
eleven year s of civil war had closed down many of the mines or at least paralyzed their operation, and modern industry was practically nonexistent
Why did the creole have trouble to govern?
They had no idea how to govern since Spain had held all of this power, the caudillos had no idea how to govern
Types of government the country endured?
Federalist republic from 1824-1836, centralist government from 1836-1847, and back to federalist from 1847 on
How many presidencies did Santa Anna Have?
11, not all back to back however
When did Santa Anna serve his first term?
1833 elected president
What happened in 1829 at Tampico
Santa Anna leads battalion that stop the Spaniards from their attempted reconquest of New Spain
Santa Annas administration
left Liberal Vice presdient Dr. Valentin Gomez Farias in command, as he retiered to his hacienda sicne he didn’t like the issues of having to govern
Why did the people not like the VP
They didn’t like his liberals policies imed at reducing the power of the church and military
Who cried out on this?
General Duran pronounced the cry of Religion y fueros, wehre Mariana Arista was called to put it down but joined Duran and they brought Santa Anna back as Supreme Dictator
What did Santa Anna consider himself?
The peaceful arbitrator of disagreements
What occurred in 1836?
Texas and Yucatan seceded from the nation
How was the war for Texas independence going at the start?
It was almost over by March 1836
What really ended up happening in Texas?
Santa Anna was defeated and taken prisoner, where he was forced to sign an armistice solely to gai his freedom and return to Veracruz
Where was he taken before being sent to Mexico
Sent to visit President Andrew Jackson in D.C., where he signed a treaty in favor of Texan Independence
What did Santa Anna do to win back the people
Fought off the french seize of Veracruz, where he lost his left leg, but wont the adoration of the people
What began in 1847?
Mexican American war when the Americans invaded at the beginning of 1847. Santa Anna then formed an army of 18K men in San Luis Potosi
Feb. 23, 1847, what battle was fought?
First battle fought by Santa Anna at Angostrua in the province of Coahila agins the American trooops under the command of Genral Zachary Taylor
Who did he fight against in Veracruz and lost?
He fought agians tWinfield Scott in Cerro Gordo, and was defeated and then had to raise another army to defend the capital
Defeat of Mexico by US
August 19, 1847 U.S. army defeats mexican army at the battle of Padierna Hills, where General Valencia held out for as long as he could, and Santa Anna never arrived. The US army kept marching winning at Churubusco, Molina del Rey, and finally at Forest of Chapultepec, and the US flag was flying at the National Palace on Sept. 16, 1847.
Fall of Santa Anna
Resigned as president, exiled and left for colombia
Treaty that ended war with U.S.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed in Feb. 1848, where Mexico lost half of its territory
What war broke out in Yucatan?
War of the Castes
Population and society in Mexico after war?
No immigrants, high infant mortality rate, industrial development was inexistant, and no modern communication, with mules and horses being the main mean of tranport, and the cargadores were also widely used.
What happened in Santa Annas last presidency
close relationship between state and church, outrageous taxes, escort of hussars who wore swiss-style dress uniforms, Conspiracy law that persecuted not only wirtten opinoin but rumors and murmurs, Melchor ocampo and Benito juarez ened in New Orleans, and sold the Mesilla vally, southern part of Arizona, in te Gdsden purchase
What was written and devuted in September 15, 1854
the national anthum with its theme being war, and speaks of the patria, and promised soldiers a glorious memory and honor
Santa Anna’s death
died in 1876 and his death was not treated with honor or gratness in any way
Who was Melchor Ocampo?
1814-1861; engaged in debate about the currupton and excess power of the church, and was calling for fair treatment of the of poor, who were forced to pay extravagant fees. His travels thorugh europe inspired him to be more open and liberal.
How did ocampo see the clerical fees as
viscious cirly of debt servitude, where priesnt, friends with the hacendiaro, asked for excess fees forcing peon to borrow money from employer, to who he would repay with his servitude, endrogandose mas
What did the War of the Reform intend to do?
It intended to define the nature of the nation
What two parties were in place in 1850?
Liberals: civilians and military men under forty, mestizos, and mostly form the center and north of the republic. Conservities: politicians, clergy, military men over 50, urban, rich, creoles
Leader of the conservatives
Miguel Miramon, young general born in 1831, main leader, but Leonardo arquez, Felix Zuloaga, Tomas Mejia and Manuel Loazada were also involved
Commander of the Liberal Armies?
Santos Degollado, leader because he could unite the men, not really because he could lead them
Prominent intellectual figures of the Liberals
Melchor Ocampo and Benito Juarez
Constitutional Convention of 1856
Approved first fully liberal constitution of Mexican History granting freedom to express ideas in public, freedom of teaching, of the movement of people, freedom of assciation and conscience, abolition of privileges and special courts, abolition of prison for debtros, free defense in civil or penal trial, right of habeas corpus in case of abuse of authority. Gave legislative power supremacy over executive, stipulated the free election of judges to the Supreme Court
Benito Juarez, BIO
Born in 1856, descended form the old indigenous nobility of the Zapotec, born in town of Guelatao, moved to Juarez in 1821 to study latin grammar, scholaric philosophy in 1824, and later moral theology but at 22 changed to the Institute of Arts and Sciences to study law
Benito Juarez Governor
City councilman in 1830s of city of Juarez, served in the judiciary, legislator, and Minister of Gov. in 1842 married Margarita Maza, whith whom he had children, who were mestizos, and Juarez never wanted to lower his gaze to anyone again. On october 29, 1847 he became governor of Oaxaca, first Indian governor of the Mexican Republic
Juarez’s Government
built on legitimacy based on observance of law;stressed budgetary discipine, regular payment of public employees, arbitration of disputes and interests in a climate of coniliation and understanding, everything was done bhy decree, as all opwers concentrate into him, but within legal framework
What happened in 1848 w/ Santa Anna
Juarez refused to let him enter the stateo Oaxaca, and so in retaliation Santa Anna, during his lat presidency sent Juarez into exile, where he met Ocampo
What did each of these intellectuals represent
Jurazez was the Indian religious devotion needed to impose the spirit of the reform, and ocampo was the spirit of the reform
Difference betwene Juarez and all other previus leaders?
He did not refuse power or tremble under it, but he embodied power
Who were the moderados
Those liberals who were not pure, but wanted peaceful, harmonious coexistance with the church, but Presdient Ignacio Comonfort had other ideas
Who was Mexico’s most liberal presidents?
Igancio Comonfort
Moderate Constitional Convention
Refused formal freedom of religion, but allowed freedom of consicoence, but added care for and protection of the Catholic Church with prudent laws
Law of Disentailment
Churhc no longer held the title deeds to its rural and urban properties, but its former possesions still earned it an interst of 6 percent per year, turning churhc into immense mortage society
When was the first fully liberal constitution adopted?
Feb. 5, 1857, taking an oath infront of a crucifix, but with religious spirit no different than Consitution of 1824, but it did not decree Catholicism as the only religion
Cry Religion y Fueros
Religion and special privileges, conservative army and political leaders rose up, against both the law of disentailment and the liberal constituion. Mexico BEGAN THE GEURRA DE REFORMA, a civil war of three years from January 1858 to 1861
Advantages of both sides
Cnoservatives had better generals, Liberals had a stronghold in the port of Veracruz
Laws of the Reform
Nationalezed Ecclasiastical property without conpensation, closed monastaries and convents, suppressed religious con-fraternities and manostic orders; made cementaries national proerty, prohibited civil servatnes from taking part in religious rites, set up civil courts to deal with births, marriages, deaths, and permitted freedom of worship
Politics of War of the Reform
Both contries needed money, and the Conservatives were willing to mortage the Country to Spain, and the Liberals to the U.S.. The U.S. helped the Liberals in their efforts by blockaiding the spanish ships
Who won the war?
Juarez wins the war in 1861 as he returned to Mexico City
Ocampo’s end?
Taken to Leonardo Marquez and Felix Zuloaga, now leaders of Conservative guerrillas and had him shot by the firing squad where they after hung his body fro ma tree in May of 1861.
Juarez’s Administration
Divorced the church and state, and was reeelected for another four years
What did father Hidalgo primarily concern himself with the indains at dolores?
Economic aspects, introducic industires such as : tile making, tanning, carpenty, wool weaving, beekeeping, silk growing, and wine making
La Corregidora?
Dona Josefa Ortiz
Where did Hidalgo meet these people?
Met them at Guanajuato
What happened Dec. 8, 1810
Mariano Galvan leaked the revolt ideas to his superior who inturn informed the audiencia in Mexico city
Sept. 13
The Spanish authorities moved and conviscated ammo, and arms in the house of Epigmenia Gonzalez in Queretaro, and they sent word to Hidalgo and Allende
Who was leading the spanish at Guanajauto?
Juan Antonio de Riano, who Hidalgo asked him to surrender but he declined
when did hidago begin siege of Guanajuato?
Sep. 28
How did hidalgo defeat the spanish at the Alhondiga de Granaditas?
Burned down the granary by placing a bunch of soft pine torches used in the mines and laid them at the foot of the granary’s wooden gate and set fire to them
Territory captured
Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Valldolid and by late ocotber was marching onto Mexico city
What did Guadalupe Victora and Vicente Guerror do?
They kept the fight for indpendence alive, never won, but they just kept it going
Three guarantees by paln de Iguala?
- independent mexcian nation would be constituitonal monarchy
- roman catholic religion would be given monopoly
- criollos and peninsulares would be treated equally
Viceroy that first led fight againt Iturbide?
Viceroy Apodaca
Replacement of Viceroy
Viceroy Juand de O’Donoju
What clause did Iturbide add to the treaty of Cordoba that allwod him to gain control later?
If no suitable european monarch could be found to take the crown, then Mexican congress could choose a New World emperor instead
Population in Mexico
population growth before independence, but leveld off dramatically after 1810 and for next 20 years, criollos took over the gachupines,
Indians
made over 1/3 of the population, lived for the most part in thousands of tiny villages, and were socially nad economically isolated form the remainder of the country. Only the larger indian towns had churches, almost none had schools, and spanish wasn’t very well known, and medical problems were left to the curandero.
Rural Towns
Church was predominant architectural strucute in the town, not very well off, few schools, and teachers were not very good,
Provincial cities
first evidence of wealth and nationalism, laid out in spanish pattern, main streets were paved and lighted, large municipal office and shops and arcade around the plaza, with main building being the Cathedral. Had the entertainment of the bullring, theater, traveling sideshows, book stroes, pucli nad relgiious fstvals. criollo faces could be picked out of the crowd. schools only for the wealthy and less than 1% attended, with only 1/3 of schools being free
Culture in rural towns and indian towns
No sense of a national origin, but only the patria chica, the local loyalties
Mexico City
Focal point of the entire nation, better light than Philadelphia and New York, carraiges were the main status symbol, zocalo, the central plaza, with the cathedral could rival european cities. Poor indians found in Santiago Tlatelolco and San Juan Tenochtitlan. Cargadores were those who would carry things of luxury around the city one thieir backs. indians and mestizos made up the labor force. Prisonsers were helath in filthy prions, without formal charges, and they were all put in together, no matter the crime
Intellectuals and Artists
Calderon, soldier and liberal politicaina, experimented with lyric poety, drama, and wrote comedy and tragedy. Rodiguez Galvan penned patriotic verse and described mexican landscape and lamented Spansih injustice against e indian populations. Was mexicos foremost lyrical poet of the first half of the 19th century
Marioano Elizaga
Mexico’s most famous compser of the second quarter of the 19th century
Lucas Alaman
Leading historical scholar, and wrote Hisotria de Mexico.
Lucas Alaman’s contemporaries
Carlos Maria de Bustamante, Lorenzo de Zavala, Jose Maria Luis Mora
