Final Review for Child Pyschology Flashcards
weight and height of averge american boy
45.5 tall & 45lbs
averge american boy at age 10; height and weight:
54 tall and weigh about 70lbs
are boys and girls about the same at around the age of 10?
yes
permanent teeth
the second set of teeth that children get, beginniing at about 6 or 7 years of age; sometimes called “adult teeth”
do myelination and lateralization continue during middle childhood?
yes
does the corpus collosum continue to grow?
yes
how much does the elementary child sleep?
8 to 11 hours per night, children need about 8 hours of sleep
% of american children under age 12 who were classified as hungry or at risk for hunger?
8% and 21%, respectively
is hunger a problem in children?
for those in low income classes, it is a huge problem
% of children who are over weight today?
15% of children are over weight today
% of children from 2K that will be diagnosed with diabetes?
30 to 40%
diabetes is more common in what social class?
Low income class
what group of children are more likley to be overweight:
low income class, parents are overweight, parents have a diet high in fat, parents live a sedentary lifestyle
what ethnicity is more likely to be overweight
african american and latino children
% of mexican american children overweigh
23%
% of africa american children overweigh
22%
non-hispanic white
18%
% of children who knew that they should lead a healthy diet?
86% of children age 6to 12
how many servings of fruit or vegetables per day did children eat?
50% of children
what is the most common chronic disease of childhood
dental caries
what illness causes children to miss more school than any other?
asthma
what other chronic disease has been affecting children?
diabetes
what are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
being overweight, having diabetic family members, gender and ancestry, girls are more likely than boys to be affects, type 2 momre comon among memebrs of ethnic and racial minority groups, Native American children particularly vulnerable
% of latinos who make up the 5 to 13 years of American children
17% of children
% of African Americans
16%
% of Asian Americans
3%
what ethnicity is more likely to be diagnosed with athma, diabetes, and obestiy
Latino children
what is the most common cause of fatal injury to school-age children in the United States?
motor vehicle injury
% of children who die from motor vehicle injuries?
35% of fatal unintended injuries to 5 to 9 year olds
% of 4 to 8 year olds who were properly restrained while riding in cars?
16% of children
% of motor vehicle injuries are pedestrians?
25% of children were pedestrians
who is more likley to have injuries or to die in vehiclar accidents?
boys, especially children from low income homes, without safe play spaces
what is the leadingcause of death and disablility in bicylcle crashes
head injuries, and these can be reduced if a helmet is worn
American Academy of Pediatricians (AAP) recommends what for those who ride bikes and scooters?
children younger than 8 should not ride scooters and that children younger than 10 years of age should not ride skateboards without close adult supervision
what is the most common playground injury?
occurs at school and invovle falls from climbing structures or swings
what prctice done by most school-age children cause some form of back injuries?
backpacks to transport books, lunches, and other items between home and school
weight that children should carry?
to avoid back and sholder pain, pediatricians recommend that children carry no more than 10% to 20% of their body weights
what causes injury from this type of practice?
when children trip over or are hit by a backpack
what is the most comon place of hurt from this practice?
hear or face, hands, and wrist or elbow
what is the age at which children are most active when compared to any other age group?
between 7 to 9 years of age
% of children who are enrolled in a sport or club or other kind of extraccuricular activity?
45% in sports, 39% in clubs, 24% enrolled in some kind of lesson
what practice tends to lead to overweight?
children who see a lot of tv
what was the TV-Turnoff curriculum?
teach 3rd and 4th graders for 18 one hour lessons where children were first taught to monitor and record their use of television videotape and video games, next children were challenged totry a 10 day tv turnoff period, during which they pledged not to twatch television or videotapes, or play video games at all. the program was impleemented in two school.
was tv turnoff sucessful?
yes it was very successful
Learning disabilities
are a cluster of problems in learning that are identified more often among boys than girls and are identified in 5% to 6% of elementary school children overall.
What is them most common difficulty?
dyslexia
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
adhd is a behavior disorder that involves ongoing inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity in multiple settings and more often than is typical.
class inclusion
in Piaget’s theory, the knowledge that a subordinate class (for example, red balls) must always be smaller than larger class to which it belongs (for example, balls)
selective attention
the ability to concentrate on specific stimuli without being distracted by competing stimuli
short-term memory
temporary storage of information for immediate recall
memory span
the number of items, such as numerical digits, that a person can hold in short-term memory
digit span
the number of digits that person can keep in hsort-term memory; a form of memory span
memory strategy
an activity intended to imporve memory performance
rehearsal
a memory strategy that involves repeating over and over agin the infomration that needs to be remembered
organizational strategies
in memory taks, strategies that involve putting the material to be remembered into an orderly framework
elaboration
the strategy of creating a relationship or meaning between two objects in order to help remember an associaiton between them
metamemory
knowledge about memory itself, including aweraness of ones own memory skills
mental age
level of cogntivie functioning measured by the number of items answered correctly on an intelligence test; once used together with chornological age to calculate IQ
standard deviation
a statistical measure of spread or distribution of data around a mean
triarchic theory of intelligence
sternber’s theory of intelligence, which holds that intelligence has three main components: practical, creative, and analytical
practial intelligence
in sternberg’s triarchich theory of intelligecne, the extent to which we are able to accomplish our aims in the context of different environments
creative intelligence
in sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, the ability to invent or create solutions to novel problems
analytical intelligence
in sternberg’s triarchich theory of intelligence, the component of intelligence made up of many information processing skills, such as computational ability
thery of multiple intelligences
gardner’s theory proposing that intelligence is not a single unitary pehnomenon but a collection of many different kinds of abilities, such as musical, linguistic, mathermatical, and scientific
pragmatic skills
the ability to use language to achive varied aims (for instance, to persuade in differnet circumstances)
whole language approach
an approach to reading instruction that involves exposure to complex texts from the beginning and encouages children to develop automatic recognition of whole words
basic skills approach
an approach to reading instruction that invovles heavy emphasis on connections between sounds, letters, and words
English as a Second Language (ESL)
an approach to teaching a new language to children that involves instruction only in the new language
bilingual education approach
an approach to teaching children a new language that involves instruction in both the first and second languages
additive bilingualsm
a type of bilingualims in which people add fluency in a new language to their already established fluency in their first language
limited Englaish proficiency (LEP)
less-than-fluent grasp of English by many non-nativ3 speakers of the language
achievement gap
the difference in academic scores between children from middle- and low-income homes
coregulation
process of parent and child jointly planning and regulating the child’s behavior
minimal parenting
a mode of parenting that involves rduced monitoring and guidance, often used when parents are under stress
divorce mediation
process of negotiating terms of marital speriation, child custody, and visitation rights with a trained mediator
Gender Segregation
the tendency of boys to want to play exclusively with other boys and girls to wanto play with other girls; this peaks during middle childhood
two culture theory
thorne and Maccoby’s theory that gender segragation is sufficiently ocmpleted during middle childhood that is as though boys and gilrs live in two differnet cultuers
sociometric methods
quantitiative methods for assessing the qualities of differnet children’s peer status within a defined group, such as a classsroom
sociometrically popular
a status in which children receive many postivie nominations (for liking) and few negative nominatons (for disliking) from members of a peer group
sociometrically contriversial
a status in which children receive many positive nominatinos and many negative nominatons from members of a peer group
sociometrically rejected
a status in which children receive few positive nominations and many negative nominations from members of a the peer group
sociametrically neglected
a stuts in which children receive few positive and few negative nominations from members of a peer group; often true of children who are new to a school
sociametrically average
a status in which children revie typical memebrs of positive and negative nomantions from members of a peer group
bully-victim
a child whith characteriscs of both bully and victim; most are at serious risk for social and emotional problems
school refusal
a syndrome in which children feel anxious, expericen physical symtoms, nd refuse to attend school, usually in response to a streessful event such as the death of a parent
hostile attribution biases
ways of understanding other people’s behavior that interpret even netural behavior as hostile
when does piaget’s theory start around?
begins at around 10, and starts to play a role at around 12 years of age
limitation to corcrete operation thought
there is no abstract thought, only have what you can touch, see.
what age did piaget says that children began to have concrete operation thought?
started at around the age of 12
can children at this age group add numbers in their heads?
yes, and they are able to do it well
they are able to do this why?
they have become more well practiced, and their brain has matured to be able to do this
does iq play a role?
yes it does, thoe more iq the better they do
does the more you can remember is it better for iq?
yes
flynn effect
called after james flynn, the upward trend in iq scores of many different children over time
how much how the scores been going up for a while?
they have been going up about 6 points, but now seem to have leveled off and may now be going back down
nature vs. nurture
nature predisposes your intelligence, natrue determines if you will keep your iq, or will lose it
low income vs. high income
low income have lower iq, but this is mostly because they do not have very stimulating things in the environment that you can find in middle class, but you can be poor and still have this for your kids
what type of school works best according to Sternberg’s triarchich theory of intelligence?
monosory school
Gardner came up with what type of intelligence:
music, language, numbers, visual arts, movement, science, social
how long will it take you to learn a new language and be fluent in it?
3 years
what if you are around both from the time that you are very young
then you will take less time
are children as they age able to acquire more self concepts
yes
who has the highest self-esteem?
those who have a good relationship with their parents
global self-esteem
invovles the feeling that one is or is not a good persoin with a worthwhile life
ethnic constance
children at around this age are able to integrate race and ethnicity into their self-concepts
