Review Health Psych Final Flashcards
acceptance
the final stage in the stages of death or dying, in which people finally acnowledge that death is inevitable and believe they can face it calmly
Acute diseases
a disease characterized by a relatively sudden onset of symptoms that are usually severe
adherence
the extent to which a person follows recommnded treatments and health behaviors
advanced-directives
legal documents that allow you to convey your decisions about end-of-life care ahead of time
AIDS
a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus in which the body’s natural defense system is disabled, leaving the body unable to fight off even mild infections. Although there is no cure for aids, some drug regimens (such as AZT and HAART) can help prolong survival and improve the quality of life.
anger
one of the stages of death and dying in which people feel that their prognosis is unfair, search for reasons why it happened, and express negative emotions, such as anger, rage, envy, and resenment.
appriasal delay
the dealy from when people experience–and notice–some type of symptoms to when they decide that they are ill.
assisted suicide
helping a person to kill himself or herself, such as by providing the means to accomplish this task
bargaining
a stage in the stages of death and dying in which people attempt to trade good behavior for good health, and thus delay the inevitable
behavrioal (or utlization) delay
a delay in the time it takes people to decide to actually get help from a professional after they realize they are ill and in need of medical help
bereavement
the period of grief and mourning after a death
burnout
the experience of long-term exhaustion and diminished interest
Cancer
an uncontrollable growth and spread of abnormal cells, which fomr tumors. Benign tumors consist of cells that are relatively typical of the nerby cells and grow relatively slowly. On the other hand, malignant tumors (which are commonly called cancers) consist of cells that are different from their surrounding cells and grow rapidly. Malignant tumors often grow beyond their originical location and invade other body organs (metastasize), spreading cnacer throughout the body.
Chronic Diseases
a condition that often has multiple causes, including people’s behavioral choices or lifestyles, and a slow onset and increase over time. Chronic conditions can only be managed; although people with a chronic disease sometimes get wrose and sometimes stay the same, they can’t be cured.
Coronary heart disease
a chronic disease in which the arteries become narrowed or clogged, due to atherosclerosis or arterisclerosis. Coronary heart disease is the leading cuase of death in the United States
denial
the frist stage in the stages of death and dying, in which people’s initial reaction to receiving a diagnosis of a terminal illness is to deny the accuracy of this information
depression
one of the stages of death and dying in which people have a feeling of anticipatory greif and greif about the upcoming losses he or she will experience in death
disease model
a theory of behavior that describes addiction as caused primarily by internal physiological forces, such as cravings, urges, and compulsions, and hence the “addict” is unable to voluntarily control his/her behavior
emotional appeals
a type of persuasive message designed to elicit and emotional reaction, such asfear or happiness
emotion–focused coping
a type of coping that focuses on managing the emotional affects of a stressful situation. This strategy could include a number of different approaches, including simply not thinking about the problem (E.G., denial or avoidance) as well as venting about the problem to others (e.g., seeking social support).
fear-based appeals
a type of persuasive message designed to elicit fear and anxiety, which in turn may lead to attitude and behavior change.
grief
the feelings caused by bereavement followingthe loss of a loved one
health behavior
behavrios designed to promote a person’s good helath and prevent illness. This type of behavior could include exercising regularly, wearing a seat belt, and getting immunizations to prevent disease
health maintenance organization (HMO)
a common type of health-care plan in which an employer or an employee pays a set fee every month and in turn has unlimited access to medical care (at either no cost or a greatly reduced cost). In some cases, HMOs requrie patients to see their own staff, whereas in other systems patients can choose from among a group of medical professionals who have all agreed to accept a specified payment for their services (preferred provider organziation). HMOs assign people to a primary-care physican, who manages their care and must refer to specialists.
hospice
an alternative care choice for terminally ill patients that is designed to provide personal comfort and open discussion. Hospice care may be delivered within a person’s home, a hospital, or a separate facility
illness behavior
a person’s behavior that is directed toward determining his or her health status after experiencing symptoms. This could include talking to other people–family and friends as well as health professionals–personally monitoring symptoms, and reading about the helath problem.
illness delay
the time required for a person to decide that help from a professional is requried after realizing he or she is ill. People often believed that the symtoms will go away on their own and hence delay seeking medical care.
intentional nonadherence
the condition in which patients understand the practitioner’s directions but modify the regimen in some way or ignore it completely because they are not willing to follow the recommendations
lingering-trajectory deaths
deaths that occur when the peron is ill for a long time, and death comes after period of gradually declining health
moral theory
da theory which posits that people who engage in addicggive behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, and gambling, have some type of moral weakness. According to this model, people who are lazy and undisciplined lack the “moral fiber” to stop engaging in these self-destructive behaviors
mourning
the expression of greif follwing a loss
problem–focused coping
a common strategy for managing challenging situations by trying to confron and chane the stressor, which can include seeking assistance form tohers, taking direct actions, and planning.
quality-adjusted life years (QALY)
a measure of the number of years a person would likely live following the treatment multitplied by the quality of each of those years. The quality is determined both by the severity of the symptoms (e.g., being confined to a wheelchair or experiencing considerable pain is more sever than experienicng a mild headache or spraining your ankle) and their duration (e.g., even a very painful bout of food poisonin lasts a few days at ost, whereas severe cancer pain could last for years).
quick-trajectory deaths
deaths in which the loss is sudden and unexpected
relapse
a return to an old pattern of behavior after beginning to change it.
scheduling delay
a type of dealy that occurs when people fail to make an appointment for medical care after they have decided they have decided they are in need of assistance
screening
behaviors design to detect an illness or disease at an early stage
self-affirmation
a strategy designed to increase people’s receptivity to messages that potentially threaten the self by buffering feelings of self-worth
sick-role behavior
behavior that is directed at helping people who are ill return to good health. The sick role has certain perks, including receiving sympathy and care from others and being exempt from daily repsonsibliites, such as chores, work, and classes. However, the person who is sick aso has the responsibility for trying to get better, whcih can include seeking medical attention and following medical recommendations.
social learning theory
a theory stating that people do not need to directly experience the rewards or costs of engaging in a particular behavior to leran about their outcomes but rather could learn about such consequences through observational learning or modeling
social support
the individual belief that a person Is cared for and loved, estemeed and valued, and belongs to a network of communication and mutual obligations.
stages of death and dying
a well-known five-stages model for explaining how people cope with dying that was developed in the late 1960’s by Dr. Elizabeht Kubler-Ross
stages of delay model
a model that described the steps people go through when deciding to get medical help
tailored
a message that is created dto match an individual’s particular needs and goals
targeted
a messagthat is created to match a specific group of people, and/or specific characteristics of a group of people
task-work approach
a model developed by Charles Corr that describes coping with dying as focusing on four distinct tyupes of tasks: physical, psychological, social, and spiritiual
treatment delay
a type of medical delay that occurs when people delay receiving medical roccomendation
unintentional nonadherence
the condition in which a person intends to complying, but for some reason is not following instructions
What are some of the effects of smoking?
reduces the amount of oxygen that is available in the blood stream
Psychological things that lead to smoking?
desire to start a new identity, smokers are sexy, weight loss
Media effects that lead to smoking
have famous people smoke, and make peoplew ho smoke look good
Models that explain why people continue to soke after they start
Nicotine fixed-effect model, Nicotine regulation model, Affect-regulation model
Nicotine fixed-effect model
A theory of smoking which states that nicotine stimulates reward inducing sensors in the nervous system
Nicotine regulation model
Smoking is rewarded only when the levels of nicotine are maintained at a certain levelin the body, so the smoker keps smoking to keep them at that level
affect-regulations model
the proposal that people smoke to attain positive affect as a way of enhancing the plasure associated with other events, such as smoking after a meal for example
Combined model
multi-regulation model, Bio-Behavrioal Model
Multi-Regulation Model
A combiatnion of physiological factors that lead to addiction
Bio-Behavrioal model
Nicotine moakes people feel good which causes people to become dependent
Strategies for preventing smoking
MassMedia approaches & Governmental approaches
Mass Media Approachhes
Anti-Smoking campaigns
Governmental approaches
restricted advertisement for cigarettes, enforcing age lases, limiting where people can smoke
How do we quit
Nicotine replacement, low nicotine, nicotine patch, smoking pairing (paired with unpleasant stimulus), Response substitution (where you get the urge to grab a cigarret instead do something physical, like run)
Health consquences of using alcohol
liver damage, DUI, Death
Liver damage
Results in fat accummulating in the liver that leads to the blockage of blood flow throuhg the liver and cuases the cirrhosis of the liver
What are some psychological factorst that leads to alcohol abuse?
attention reduction theory, social-learning theory, biological-genetic factors
Attention reduction theory
people drink to cope or toregulate negative moods
social learning theory
children learn to drink alochol by wacthing others do the same, peers, on tv, parents
biological-genetic factros
some people are born with genetic predisposition to drink
Strategies for preventing drinking
focus on detecting on people who are at risk and then provide them information on the effects and try to get them out of the problems
Treatment
the best treatement is alocholics anonymous, aversion therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy.
AA
Preaches abstinence of alochol and to share the problems with others
Aversion Therapy
Associates alcohol with a negative, aversive stimuli
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Sees alcohol abuse as a learned behavior and this behavior can be chaned by using cognitive behavioral techniques
How can you be classified as obese
being 40% or more over the ideal weight, determined this by the body mass index
What BMI means you are obese?
higher than 30
Consequences of obesity (Physcial
Increase risk of hypetension, kidney problems, gall bladder, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer
Consequences of obesity (Social)
Tend to be less likable, they are subject of negative social attitudes from other individuals
Factors that lead to obseity
Genetics, internal/external hypothesis, restraint theory, social factors,
Genetics
Obesity is inherited, predisposed to be over weight
Internal-external hypothesis
People often fail to listen to their internal cues that they are full
Mood regulating hypothesis
People use food to regulate their moods
Restraint theory
People are generally motivated to eat as an internally function of internal physiological cues of hunger
Social Factors
Lifestyle Socio-cultural factors Friends and family Strategies to prevent obesity Strategies should start in early childhood Breast feeding Encourage children to eat healthy and exercise Limit TV time
Treatment
Limiting calorie intake and dieting, burning calories through exercise, set short term goals, monitor one what eats, and operant conditioning strategies by rewarding people when they lost weight, and behavrioal changes, such as putting the fork down after taking a bite and chewing a number of times before swelling, and finally we have surgery
Eating disorder
A disturbance in eating behavior that involve obsessive concerns about becoming over weight characterized by a distorted body image
Anorexia nervosa
Drastic reduction in the amount of food intake, intentionally trying to lose weight
Bulimia
Binge eating following by purging of the food,
binge eating,
individually regularly eats large amounts of food at one time, leading to obesity
Biological factors found in eating disorders
Genetics
Psycholgocial factors
Personality
Social-Cultural
Family dynamics
Personality
Where a person with anorexia nervosa will exhibit
Social-Cultural
Looking at the norms, such as being thin is the norm
Family dynamics
Parents influencing their children’s eating behavior
Preventing eating disorders
Promoting healthy eating, exercise, and healthy body image promotion
Treatment for eating disorders
Combination of individual and family therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral therapy
Changing thinking process
Pain
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is associated with actual and potential tissue damage
Acute pain
Intense pain but time limited
Chronic pain
Begins as acute pain but doesn’t go away until a period of six months
Three types of pain
Recurring
Attractable benign
Progressive
Recurring
Caused by harmless, and it is there but sometimes it goes away but then it comes back
Attractable benign
It is benign but it is persistent and it varies in intensity but it does not go away. Nothing is wring but the pain is still there
Progressive
Primarily starts and gets worse over time. Progressive pain
Specificity theory
There are specific receptors for specific type of sensation and one such sensation is pain
When one cuts themselves, the message is then received
The gate control theory
There is a mechanism that opens the gate for pain and or closes the gate for pain
How do we measure pain
Self-report measures of pain
On a scale of one to ten
Pain inventory
Self-report inventory and it asks people to select various words that describes their pain
Behavioral Method
They are limping, they rub something, or the look on their face, or groaning, or frowning
Physiological measures for pain
We noted physiological changes for the pain. Muscle becomes tense, and skin temperature is also involved
Psychological factors that lead to pain:
Stress can influence pain
Learning theory
Some people are reinforced when they complain about a pain, in order to get attention
Cognitive
Those who think that their pain comes from serious sources feel more pain
Mood
Negative mood is associated with experiencing more pain, and more intensely
Medication
Local anesthesia used to control pain
Physical therapy
Physical stimulation
Translutanouselectircal nerve transmutation process
Nerves are electro-stimulated and lead to numbness
Acupuncture, massage therapy
Chiropractic therapy
Psychological
Hypnosis
Bio-feed back
Where people are trained to use monitors to monitor pain, but it is very expensive and time consuming
Relaxation strategies
Behavioral therapy
Focusing on eliminating reinforcement for the expression of pain. Placebos and pain and how placebos seem to work, because a person exceptive for the pain to become reduced, then the patient will have little pain
