personality test 1 review Flashcards
Personality
someone’s public image is what they refer to today. The true origin and reference of the word however is that to the latin root of personae, which referred to the masks that actors wore in ancient Greek plays.
macro theories
global theories which emphasize comprehension of the whole person
micro theories
specific research focused on limited aspects of human behavior
philosophy
to love wisdom
Criteria for Evaluating Philosophical Assumptions
coherence–clear, logical, consistent
Compellingness–Convince, grabs your atteniton, buy you over
relevance–meaningful, reality based
comprehensiveness–deep, scope
Paradigm
model or concept of the world that is share by the members ofa community and that governs their activities
scietific statemetns
statements/beliefs about the wrodl basedo n empirical observations arising from currently accepted paradigms
psychometric tests
measure personality characterristics by means of acarefully designed questionnaires developed with theoretical and statistical techniques. Psychometic testing had its origin in the psychological laboratories establisehd at the end of the nineteenth cnetury
projective tests
the participant is presented with a deliberately ambigous stimulus. In responding to the stimulus, the participant expresses personal attitudes, values, needs, and feelings
Clinical Approach Research
research through intensive interviews and observation of the participant
psychometric approach
correlaton, looking at the raltionship between two different things
Psychotehrapy
the effot to apply the findings of ersonality theory in ways that will assist individuals and meet human goals, and comes from the greek word therapeia meaning attending and healing. The goals are to understand the self and human nature, helping the indivudal to change and improve, and grow, and curtaive, to eliminate troublesome symptoms for good behavior
unconscious processes
forces of which a person is unaware
wishes
ideas or thoughts that would be repressed and rendered unconscious
repression
the blocking of a wish or desrie from consciousness, is unavoidable and necessary in order for a civilized society to exist
Free Association
a patient is asked to verbalize whatever ocmes to mind, no matter how insignificant, tribial, or even unpleasant the idea, thought, or picture may seem. Baed on the premise that no idea is artbitrary or insignificant as they will all lead back to the orginial problem
slips
bungled acts: a slip of a tongue, a slip of the pen, or a lapse of memory
manifest dream
the dream as it is rememebred the next morning, taken at face balue
latent dream
the menaing or motive underlying the manifest dream, what is the reasoning behind it
libido
emotional and psychic energy derived from the biological drive of sexuality testifies to this shift in his thought
drive
psychological or mental represntain of inner bodily source of excitement
Eros
life impuses or drives, those forces that maintin life processes and ensure reprodcution of the specief
Thanatos
encompassing death imppuses or drives, is a biological reality andte srouces of aggressiveness, and refelcts the ultimate resolution of all of life’s tension in death.
Psychosexual stages
a path that children travel as they progress from autoerotic sexual activity to reproductive activity, with the libido focusising in various erogenous zones of the body tha rpvode pleasure. These are Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oral Stage
first stage from brith to 1. Major source of pleasure and potential conflict is the mouth.
Anal Stage
second year of life, major source of pleasure and potential conflict is activities involving the anus. Subsequent forms of self-control and mastery have their orignins in the anal stage
phallic stage
development usually occurs between the ages of three and six. Pleasure and conflict associated with the genital organs. Not reprductive function but autoerotic activity
Oedipus complex
each child’s unconscious desire to posses the opposite-sex parent and od away with the same-sex parent. He wants to get rid of the same-sex parent(the dad) but can’t and he can’t have him find out because of castration anxiety or fear of retalation by his dad. to resolve this, the boy gives up his abortive attempots to posses his mother and beigs to identify with his father in terms of sexual gender, and he will wait until he grows up and then look for a woman who reminds him in some ways of the mom.
Electra Complex
Same situation but with girls, and girls have a penis envy, since they are made inferior to men because of this and they hate the mom as she is to blame for this, and want the dad to have a baby boy and make sure that no more non-penis or inferior babys are born. To resolve this, they identify with the mother and will then take up a role that has been outlined by society
Latency Period
period of comparative sexua calm from the age of about seven to puberty. Psychihc forces develop that inhibit the sexual drive and narrow its direction, having the sexual drives aimed at accepted things such as sports, intellectul interests, and peer relationships
Genital Stage
the onset of puberty starts this, the infantile suxual life is tranformed into tis adult form, redirected now to seek gratificatio from genuine reproductive interactive activity with memebers of the opposite sex. Able to lieben und arbeiten meaning to love and to work in german
Fixation
creates exessive needs characteristic of an erlier stage
Oral Fixation
Dependent on others and easily influenced by others, or optimistic and trusting to the point of being gullible
The three structures of personality
Id Ego and Superego (metaphor)
Id
Core of our being, the oldes t and original function of the personality and the basis of the ego and superego. Does not present itself into our consciousness. It includes instincts and drives that motivate us as well as our genetic inheritance and our reflexes and capacities to resont. It represtns our basic drives, needs and wishes. It is the resrvois or psychic energy that porived the power for all psychological functioning.
Pleasure Principle
seeking immediate tension reductionthis is where the id ooperates, employing primary processs only.
Primary Process
Hallucinating or forming an image of the object that would satisfy its needs. E.i.: visualizing a forthcoming hamburger or sirloin steak momentarily relieves our hunger pans; also called wish fulfillment
Ego
emerges in order to realistically meet the wishes and demands of the id in accordance with the outside world. Follows the reality principle and secondary process in order to effectively give the individual what it wants and needs form the environment.
Reality Principle
starifying the id’s impuses in an approriate manner in the external world.
Secondary Processes
realistic thinking, the cognitive and percepotional skills that help an individual distinguish between fact and fantasy.
Superego
Innermost core, it represents internalized values, ideals, and moreal standards. The last function of the personality to develop and ay be seen as an outcome of the interactions with one’s parents during the long period of childhood dependency. This operates out of the conscience and the ego-ideal.
Conscience
the capacity for self-evalutaion, crticism, and reproach
Ego-Ideal
and ideal self-image consistig of approved and rewardded behaviors, seeking perfection in moralistic rather than realistic situations and solutions
Defense mechanisms
procedures that ward off anxiety and prevent our conscious perception of it. These occur on na unconscious level so that we are not aware of what we are doing, and they deny or distort reality so as to make it less threatening
Repression
blocking a wish or desrie from expression so that I cannot be expreienced consciously or expressed idrectly in behavior, difficult to elimnate
Denial
refusing to acknowledge an unpleasant reality or fact of life
Proejction
unconscious attribution of an impulse, attitude, or behavior onto someone or something else in the enviornment
Reaction formation
expresses an impulsse by its opposite, with the substitution usually being exaggerated, calling into question the genuineness of the feeling
Regression
the person moves backward in time to a stage that was less anxious and had fewer responsibilities
Rationazliation
dealing with an emotion or impulse analytically and ntellectually in order to avoid feeling it
identification
reduce anxiety by modeling our behaiovr on that of someone else, assuming the characteristics of a model who appears more successfl in gratifying needs, we can believe that we also possess those atributes
Displacement
Satisfying an impulse with a substitute object, such as kicking a dog instead of the one we watned to hit being our older brother
Sublimation
rechannels an unacceptable impuse into more socially desirable outlet. It is a form of displacement that redirects the impuse itself rather than the object. E.i., sexual curiosity may be redirected into intellectual research, sexual activity into athletics.
Transference
process wherby the patient transfers to the analyst emotional attitudes felt as a child toward important persons. This was further put into positive and negative transference
Positive transference
firendly, affectionate feelings toward the physician
negative transference
expression of hostile, angry feelings towards the physician
Freud Developed what?
Psychosexual stages of development, psychoanalysis
Carl Jung Developed what?
Analytical psychology
psyche
our total personality, referring to all of our psychoogical processes: thoughts, feelings, sensations, wishes, and so forth. The psyche emphasizes both the conscious and the unconscious.
psychic energy came from
the libidy, an ppetite that may refer to sexuality and to toehr hungers as well, striving, desiring, and willing
The Ego
one’s conscious mind the part of the psyche that selects perceptions, thoughts, feelings , and memories that may enter consciousness. The ego is reponsible for feelings of identity and continuity, but is not the true center of personality.
Personal unconscious
land that is not always covered by sea and thus can be relcaimed. Where those perception, thoughts, feelings, and memories that have been put aside, and they may be retrieved (including those that have been forgotten or repressed). Expereiences in the persoal unconscious are grouped into clustures called complexes, with a constellating power, whcih means that the complex has the ability to draw new ideas into itself and interpret them.
Collective Unconscious
shared unconscious with all human beings, being transpersonal. It is consists of cetain potnetialites that we all share because we are human. This was supported thorugh the demonstration of dreams, mythology, and corss-cultural data, seen in expereicens we all have had.
Archetype
a universal thought form or predisposition to resopnd to the world in certain ways. These can never be fully known or described since they never fully enter consciounsess.
Persona
one archetype identified by jung that described the social role that one assumes in society and one’s understnading of it. It is the mask that one wears in order to adjust to the demends of society if we neglect of the persona may lead to develop an asocial personality, but identifyig too much with it might lead to not havng a true personality of your own
Shadow
A second archetype desrcibed by jung in which all the unsocial thoughts, feelings and behaviors that we potentially possess and toher characteristics that we do not accept are ecnompassed. The sahdow cannot be avoided, and one is incomplete without it. the shadow can also be casted onto others, in which we will treat them like trash, and to neglect the shaow involves us in hypocrisy and deceit
Anima and Animus
another archetype in which the anima is the fmeinine side of the male psyche, and the animus is the masculine side of the female psyche. None of us is purely male or purely felae, each of us has qualities of the opposite sex in terms of biology and psychological attitudes and feleings. one must have these two in order to avoid an unbalanced, one-sided personality.
Self
another archetype in which our strive for unity of all parts of the personality is represented. It is the organizing princople of the psyche that draws unto itself and harmonizes all of the archetypes and their expressions and make surs that all of the personality parts are expressed appropriately. THe development of this archetype does not happen until the development of all the other archetypes have happened and all the other personality systems have been fully developed, consequencly we do not rach this until middle age. The mandala was the symbol of the self, this wasreally a hindu and buddhist symbol of the universe.
Collective Unconscious Archetypes
Grat mother–the ultimate good and bad mother
wise old man–spiritual father
hero–conqueror of enemies and evil forces
trickster–animalistic prankster
child-god–the future
hermaphrodite–unity and wholeness
Psychological types
arise from the two basic attitudes and four fuctions that were observed by Jung. The attitudes were extraversion and introversion and the fucntions were thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuition
The Attitudes
extraverisoni is an attitude in which the psyche is oriented outward to the objective world. The extravert tends to be more comfortable with the outer world of peole and things. Introersion is an atttitude in which the psyche is oriented inward to the subejctve world. The introvert is more comfortable with the inner world of concpets and ideas. All of us have both, but one is stronger than the other and mostly unconscious.
The functions
Sensation and intutiotion refer to how we gather data and information. The seonsor is more comfrotable using the five senses and ealing with facts and reality. The intuitor looks more for relationships and meanings or possibilities about past or future events. Thinking and feelings reer to how we come to conclusions or make judgments. the thinker prefers to use logi and impersonal analysis. the feeler is more concenrd with personal vallues, attitudes, and beliefs.
The formation of the self
comes about self rialization, does not happen until adolescnece, when the psyche starts to show a definite form and content. Personality development continues thorughtout life, and the middle years mark the befinning of major changes (35-40). This goes back to aristotle with his idea of the telos.
telos
purpose or goal that constitutes its essence and indicates its potentiatlity. Each one of us has the potential to develop into a self–that is, to realize, fulfill, and enhance our maximum human potentialities.
Synchroniicty
pehnomenon in whichi events are related to one another thorugh simultaneity and meaning. Two events occur either at the same time or close in time, and though the yhappen independently they seem intreicably linked (menaing). This is the collective unconscious manifesting itself.
Individuation and transcedence
individuation is the sytemfo the indivudual psyche achieve their fulles degree of differentiation expression, and development. Transcedence refers to integration of the diverse systems of the self toward the goal of wholeness and identity with all of humanity. First half of life is more about individuation and the second is about transcedence.
