chapters 1-3 and appendix a vocab Flashcards
structuralism
Early school of thought promotoed by Wundt and Titchener; used intrspection to reaveal the structure of the humand mind.
funtionalism
Early School of thought promotoed by James and influenced by Farwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes funciton-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Behaviorism
The view of psychology (1) should be and objective science that (2) studies behavior without refrence to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agreee with (1) but not with (2).
Humanistic Psychology
Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.
Cognitive Neuroscience
The interdisciplinary studey of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
Psychology
The science of behavior and mental processes
Nature-Nurture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make the development of psychological traists and behaviors. Today’s psychological science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interactions of nature and nurture.
Natural Selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passes on to succeedding generations
Levels of Analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
Biopsychosocial Approach
and integrated approach that incorportaes biological, psychological, and social-cultural lvels of analysis.
Basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
Applied Research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Counseling Psychology
A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or relationships) and in achieveing greater well-being.
Clinical Psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
Psychiatry
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatements as well as psychological therapy.
Positive psychology
The scientific study of human functioning, with gials of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
Hindsight bias
The tendency to believe after learning and outcome, that one should have forseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon).
Critical thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
Theory
and explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
Hypothesis
a testable prediction, often implied by a theroy .
Operational Definition
a statement, of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For examples, human intelligence may be operationally defined as “what an intelligence test measures.”0
Replication
Repeating the essence of research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participatns and circumstances.
Case Study
an observation techinque in which one person is studied in depth in the hope revealing universal principles.
Naturalistic Observation
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.