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School > chapters 1-3 and appendix a vocab > Flashcards

chapters 1-3 and appendix a vocab Flashcards

1
Q

structuralism

A

Early school of thought promotoed by Wundt and Titchener; used intrspection to reaveal the structure of the humand mind.

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2
Q

funtionalism

A

Early School of thought promotoed by James and influenced by Farwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes funciton-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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3
Q

Behaviorism

A

The view of psychology (1) should be and objective science that (2) studies behavior without refrence to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agreee with (1) but not with (2).

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4
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.

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5
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary studey of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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6
Q

Psychology

A

The science of behavior and mental processes

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7
Q

Nature-Nurture issue

A

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make the development of psychological traists and behaviors. Today’s psychological science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interactions of nature and nurture.

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8
Q

Natural Selection

A

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passes on to succeedding generations

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9
Q

Levels of Analysis

A

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

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10
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

and integrated approach that incorportaes biological, psychological, and social-cultural lvels of analysis.

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11
Q

Basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

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12
Q

Applied Research

A

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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13
Q

Counseling Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or relationships) and in achieveing greater well-being.

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14
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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15
Q

Psychiatry

A

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatements as well as psychological therapy.

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16
Q

Positive psychology

A

The scientific study of human functioning, with gials of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

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17
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to believe after learning and outcome, that one should have forseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon).

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18
Q

Critical thinking

A

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

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19
Q

Theory

A

and explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

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20
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable prediction, often implied by a theroy .

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21
Q

Operational Definition

A

a statement, of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For examples, human intelligence may be operationally defined as “what an intelligence test measures.”0

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22
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participatns and circumstances.

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23
Q

Case Study

A

an observation techinque in which one person is studied in depth in the hope revealing universal principles.

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24
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

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25
Q

Survey

A

A technique of rascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

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26
Q

Population

A

all those in a group being studied, form which samples may be drawn (NOTE: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population.)

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27
Q

Random Sample

A

a sample of fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

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28
Q

Correlation

A

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

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29
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

a stastistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

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30
Q

Experiment

A

a research method in which an investigator manipulates on or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependt variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aimas to control other relevant factors.

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31
Q

Experimental Group

A

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatement, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

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32
Q

Control Group

A

in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatement.

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33
Q

Random Assignment

A

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.

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34
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

and experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug evaluation studies

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35
Q

Placebo effect

A

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of the inert substance or condition, which the recipeient assumes is an active agent.

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36
Q

Indepent Variable

A

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

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37
Q

Confunding Variable

A

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.

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38
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

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39
Q

Informed consent

A

giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to decide them whether they wish to participate.

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40
Q

Debriefing

A

the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

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41
Q

Testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

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42
Q

SQ3R

A

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve,

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43
Q

Biological Psychology

A

the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (Some biological psychological psychologists

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44
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

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45
Q

Dendrites

A

A neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

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46
Q

Axon

A

The neron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

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47
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next.

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48
Q

Glial Cells (glia)

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking

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49
Q

Action Potential

A

A neural impulse; a brief electrial charge that travels down an axon.

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50
Q

Threshold

A

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

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51
Q

Synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.

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52
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers the cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurontransmitters travel across the synapse and bind the receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

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53
Q

Endorphins

A

“morphine within”–natural, opiate-like nuerotramitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

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54
Q

Nervous system

A

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system.

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55
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The brain and spinal cord

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56
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system, to the rest of the body.

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57
Q

Nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

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58
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

Neurons that carry incoming information form the sensory receptor to the brain and spinal cord

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59
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

nerons that carry outgoing information form the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

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60
Q

Interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate interanally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

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61
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nercous system

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62
Q

Automatic Nervous System

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

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63
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing in energy in stressul situations

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64
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

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65
Q

Reflex

A

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee- jerk response

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66
Q

Endocrine System

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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67
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messenger that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

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68
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepineprhine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

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69
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pitutary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

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70
Q

Lesion

A

Tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brian tissue.

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71
Q

Brainstem

A

the oldes part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survial functions.

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72
Q

Medulla

A

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

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73
Q

Thalamus

A

the brain’s sensory router, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortez and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

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74
Q

Electroencephalogran (EEG)

A

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping acroos the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

75
Q

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

A

A visual display of brain activiy that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

76
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imagining)

A

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

77
Q

fMRI (functional MRI)

A

a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing sucessive MRI scans, fMRI scans whos brian functions.

78
Q

Reticular formation

A

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and plays and important role in controlling arousal.

79
Q

Cerebellum

A

the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinatng movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.

80
Q

Limbic System

A

Neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.

81
Q

Amygdala

A

Two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

82
Q

Hypothalamus

A

a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

83
Q

Cerebal Cortex

A

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells convering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.

84
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements

85
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying a the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.

86
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information fron the visual fields

87
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.

88
Q

Motor Cortex

A

an area a the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.

89
Q

Sensory Cortex

A

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and process body touch and movement sensations.

90
Q

Association Areas

A

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in promary motor or senrsory funtions; rather, they are involved in higher mental funcitons such as as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

91
Q

Plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

92
Q

Neurogensis

A

The formation of new neurons

93
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

94
Q

Split Brain

A

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum connecting them)

95
Q

Enviornment

A

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

96
Q

Behavior genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and enviornmental influences on behavior.

97
Q

Chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

98
Q

DNA

A

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

99
Q

Genes

A

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

100
Q

Identical Twins

A

twins who develop from a single (monozygotic) fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.

101
Q

Fraternal Twins

A

twins who develop from separate (dizygotic) fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal enviornment.

102
Q

Interaction

A

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as enviornment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).

103
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of enviornmental influences on gene expression that occur without DNA change.

104
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

105
Q

Natural Selection

A

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passes on to succeedding generations

106
Q

Mutation

A

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

107
Q

Consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our enviornment

108
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary studey of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

109
Q

Dual Processing

A

the principle that information is often simultanoulsy processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

110
Q

Blindsight

A

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus consciously experiencing it

111
Q

Selective Attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

112
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

113
Q

Change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the enviornment

114
Q

Circadian Rhytm

A

the biological clock, regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle.

115
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

116
Q

Alpha waves

A

the relatively slow brain waves of relaxed, awake state

117
Q

Sleep

A

periodic, natural loss of consciousness-as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

118
Q

Hallucinations

A

false sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of external visual stimulus

119
Q

Delta Waves

A

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

120
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that responds to light-sensitive retinal proteins; causes pineal glands to increase or decrease production of melatonin, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

121
Q

Insomnia

A

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

122
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

123
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

124
Q

Night Terrors

A

a sleep disoder characterized by high arousal and an apperance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep,

125
Q

dream

A

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagry, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the contnt and later difficulties remembring it.

126
Q

manifest content

A

According to Freud, the remembred story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

127
Q

latent content

A

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).

128
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

Protect: Sleep kept people out of harms way protected them.
Helps Recuperate: Allows for neurons to rebiuld and heal
restore and rebuild memories: helps to recall tasks performed during the day.
Sleep feeds creative thinking: boosts learning and thinking
sleep supports growth: pituitary gland releases a growth hormone necessary for muscle development

129
Q

Why we dream

A 
to satisfy our own wishes
file away memories
to develop and preserve neural pathways
to make sense of neural static
Cofnitive Development
130
Q

REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

131
Q

Hypnosis

A

a scoial interaction in which one person (the ypnotist) suggests to naother (the subject) that certain perception, feeling, thoughts, or behaviors will spontanously occur.

132
Q

posthypnotic suggestion

A

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the sub ject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

133
Q

dissociation

A

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

134
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

a chemical substance that alters perception and moods

135
Q

tolerance

A

with repeaded use, achieving the desired effect requires larger doses (exept in marijuana)

136
Q

addiction

A

compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences

137
Q

withdrawal

A

the discomfort and distres that follow discontinouing the use of an addictive drug

138
Q

physical depndence

A

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symtoms when the drug is discontinued.

139
Q

psychological dependecne

A

a pscyhological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negatice emotions

140
Q

depressants

A

durgs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body function

141
Q

alcohol dependence

A

popular known as alcoholism). Alcholo use marked by tolerance, withdrawal if suspended, nd a drive to continue use.

142
Q

barbituarates

A

drug that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but imparing memory and judgment.

143
Q

opiates

A

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heorin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lesseninig pain and anxiety.

144
Q

stimulants

A

drug (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Extasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

145
Q

amphetamines

A

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associatiated energy and mood changes.

146
Q

nicotine

A

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

147
Q

methamphetamine

A

a powerfully addictive durg that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

148
Q

ectasy (MDMA)

A

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

149
Q

hallucinogens

A

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

150
Q

near-death expericen

A

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as thorugh cardiac arrst); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

151
Q

THC

A

The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a veriety of effect, including mild hallucinations

152
Q

Alcohol

A

Depressent
initial high followed by relaxation and disnhitbition
depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions

153
Q

Heroin

A

Depressant
Rush of Euphoria, relief from pain
depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal

154
Q

Caffeine

A

Stimulant
Increased alertness and wakefulness
anxiety, restlesness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal

155
Q

Methamphetamine

A

Stimulant
Euphoria, alertness, energy
sense of well-being
heart disease, cancer

156
Q

cacaine

A

Stimulant
rush of euphoria, confidence, energy
cardiovascula stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash

157
Q

Nicotine

A

Stimulant
arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being
heart disease, cancer

158
Q

Extasy (MDMA)

A

Stimulant;Mild hallucinogen
emotinal electation disinhibition
dehydration, overheating depressed mood, impaired conginitive and immune functioning

159
Q

Marijuana

A

Mild hallicinogen
enhanced senstion, relief of pain distortion of time, relaxation
impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychlogical disorders, lung damage fro msmoke

160
Q

Mode

A

the most frequently occuring score(s) in a distribution

161
Q

Mean

A

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

162
Q

Median

A

the middle score in distribuion; half the scores are above it and half are below it

163
Q

Range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

164
Q

Standard Deviation

A

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

165
Q

Normal Curve

A

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.

166
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

a stastistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

167
Q

Scatterplot

A

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).

168
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

the tendancy for extreme or unsual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average.

169
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

research in which people of different ages are compared with one another

170
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time.

171
Q

Statistical Significance

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.

172
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Father of Psychology in Germany’s U of Leipzig in December 1879

173
Q

Edward Bradford Titchener

A

Wundt’s student, aimed to discover minds structure enganed peole in introspection(describe thougts, feeling.. etc.)

174
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

Mentored by William James, and become a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association in 1905.

175
Q

William James

A

Legendary Teacher-writer who authored an important 1890 psych9logy text. Leader of fucntionlism

176
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D., Washburn synthesized animal bechavior research in The animal mind, and became APA
second female president in 1921.

177
Q

John B Watson

A

Wotking with ayner, Watson championed psycology as the science of behavior and demonstrate conditioned responses on a baby who beame famous as “little albert”

178
Q

BF Skinner

A

A leading behaviorist, Skinner rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior

179
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

The controversial ideas of his famed personality theorist and therapist have influced humanity self understanding. Behaviorist

180
Q

Carl Roger

A

Leader of Humanistic Psychology

181
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Leader of Humanistic Psychology

182
Q

Plato

A

Beloved certain ideas were inborn

183
Q

Aristotle

A

We all start as blank slate, all knowledge comes from outside senses first.

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