Test 1 - last minute things to review. Flashcards
Application of Patient care - 7 steps
- Pre-administration.
- Dosage and Administration
- Evaluating and Promoting Therapeutic Effects
- Minimizing Adverse Effects.
- Minimizing Adverse Reactions.
- PRN Decision.
- Patient Education
5 Steps of the Nursing Process
- Assessment
- Analysis
- Planning
- Implementation
- Evaluation
Pre-clinical testing - time period
1-5 years.
Phase 1
Effects on humans, drug metabolism.
Phase 2-3
Dosing, dosage ranges, therapeutic effects - 3-6 months.
Phase 4
once on market.
Factors affecting absorption are…
rate of dissolution, surface area, blood flow, lipid solubility, ph Partitioning, etc.
Pharmacodynamics
study of what drug does to the body and how the drug does it.
Dose-response - Phase 1-3
Phase 1 - Barely measurable.
Phase 2 - increase in doses elicits increase in response.
Phase 3 - elicits toxicity (possibly.)
Relative Potency
Refers to the amount of drug we must give to elicit an effect.
Where may the receptors be found?
On the cell membrane, in the cell membrane, on inner surface of membrane, in cytoplasm, in nucleus.
Receptor Families (4)
Cell membrane embedded enzymes, ligand-gated ion channels, g-protein coupled receptor, transcription factors.
Cell membrane embedded enzymes
Span full width of membrane. Response within seconds.
Ligand-gated ion channels
span membrane. Extremely fast response.
G-protein coupled receptor systems.
Response rapid - serotonin, histamine, etc.
Transcription factors
Found with the cell rather than on the surface - delayed response.
Simple occupancy theory
intensity of response to a drug is proportional to the number of receptors occupied by that drug
Modified occupancy theory
Affinity Binding and Intrinsic Binding
Non-competitive __ and competitive __
Antagonist
Non-competitive agonists are reversible —T/F?
FALSE. They are irreversible. Think about the godfather - Non-competitive is like the mob. It just does its job and there’s no turning back.
Partial Agonists
moderate intrinsic activity and therefore the maximal effect that a partial agonist can produce is lower than that of a full agonist.
Agonist - __ affinity and __ intrinsic value
HIGH/HIGH
Antagonist - __ affinity and __ intrinsic
HIGH/NONE.
Four mechanisms of drug-drug interactions.
Direct chemical or physical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, combined toxicity.
