Pharmacology - Nervous System Review Flashcards
Neuropharmacology - def
the study of drugs that alter processes controlled by the nervous system.
What are the two categories of neuropharmacological agents?
Peripheral Nervous System Drugs and Central Nervous System Drugs.
Neuropharmacologic drugs can…..(3)
- Mimic normal actions of body chemicals/neurtransmitters - agonist.
- Block normal actions of body chemicals/neurotransmitters - antagonist.
- Modify actions of all body systems - skeletal, cardiac muscle and output of blood, vascular tone, respiration, gastric function, uterine motility, glandular secretion, CNS function, etc.
What are the 3 major steps in neuron action?
- Conduction of action potential.
- Release of neurotransmitter from axon.
- Binding of transmitter molecules to receptors on post synaptic cell.
Neuron Function -
neuron, synpase, response organ.
reflex arc -
sensory neuron, synpase, CNS, synpase, motor neuron.
Response through brain -
sensory neuron, synpase, CNS spinal ganglia, brain, spinal ganlia, motor neuron.
The nervous system is the major __ (3.)
Controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body.
The Nervous System is the center of all ___ activites, like…
Mental - thought, learning, and memory.
Together with the endocrine system, the NS is responsible for…..
regulating and maintaing homeostasis.
NS Organs -
brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, etc.
Tissues of the NS -
blood, connective tissues.
Integument -
influence secretions of glands in the skin and blood blow to skin.
Skeletal -
innervates bones and provides sensory information about joint movement and position.
Muscular -
coordinates skeletal muscle contractions; adjusts cardiac and respiratory muscles.
Endocrine -
regulates secretory activites of anterior pituitary and adrenal medulla.
Cardiovascular -
monitors and adjusts heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flows.
Immune/lymphatic -
innervates lymphoid organs and helps regulate the immune response.
Respiratory -
stimulates muscle contractions to create pressure for ventilation; regulates rate and epth of breathing.
Digestive -
control motility and glandular activity of the digestive tract.
Urinary -
control renal blood pressure and renal blood flow; regulates bladder emptying.
Reproductive -
regulates sex drive, arousal, and orgasm; stimulates the release of hormones, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and parturition.
Three general activites of the nervous system -
Sensory Functions, Integrative Functions, Motor Functions.
Sensory functions - def
sensory inputs, stimuli (out/inner)
Integrative functions - def
conversion of sensory inputs into electrical signals (nerve impulses) that are transmitted to the brain, to create sensation and such.
Motor functions - def
signals in response to sensory input and integration.
Muscles and glands are called…..
effectors! because they effect!
The CNS is…
the brain and the spinal cord!
The PNS includes…
nerves - the cranial nerves (12 pairs) and the spinal nerves (31 pairs) and the ganglia.
The brain is composed of 3 parts -
the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata.
The cerebrum - def
seat of conscioussness. Coordinates sensory data and motor functions.
The cerebellum - def
part of unconscious brain. Functions for muscle coordination and maintains normal muscle tone and posture; coordinates balance.
the medulla oblongata - def
regulates heartbeat, breathing, vasoconstriction and reflex centers - vomitting, hiccuping, etc.
The PNS contains only….
nerves and connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
Afferent - transmits impulses…
transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS.
Efferent - transmits impulses…
transmits impulses from the CNs out to the Peripheral organs to cause an effect or action.
Efferent has two divisions, which are…
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
Somatic Nervous System -
supplies motor impulses to skeletal muscles. Aka voluntary nervous system.
Autonomic nervous sytem -
Supplies motor impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelium. Involuntary system. Breaks down into Sympathetic/Parapsympathetic.
Sympathetic NS -
increases enregy expenditure - fight or flight.
Parasympathetic -
brings things down to earth.
There are only __ types of cells in the nervous system, which are….
2 —> Neuron (structural unit), and neuroglia, which are the support for the neuron.
Neurons carry out the functions of the nervous system by…
conducting nerve impulses.
Sensory neurons pick up information from..
the environment.
Motor neurons carry information to…
muscles or glands.
Interneurons carry information …
between two neurons.
Each neuron has 3 basic parts, which are…
Cell body (contains nucleus, mitochondria, etc.), dendrites (receive information), and axon (conducts messaging.)
Neuroglia does/does not conduct nerve impulses?
DOES NOT.
Excitablity - def
the ability to respond to a stimulus.
Conductivity - def
the ability to transmit and impulse from one point to another.
Resting potential - def
changes on two sides of the resting membrane.
Action potential - def
rapid sequence of events in response to a stimulus, including depolarization, reverse polarization, and repolarization.
Steps in an action potential - 4
- At rest, the outside of the membrane is more positive than the inside.
- Na+ moves inside the cell causing an action potential, the influx of positive sodium ions make the inside of the membrane more positive than the outside.
- K ions flow out of the cell, restoring the resting potential net chages.
- Na+ ions are pumped out of the cell and K ions are pumped into the cell, restoring the original distribution of ions.
Once the impulse reaches the end of an axon, it must/must not cross the synpase to a muscle, gland, or another neuron.
IT MUST.
The synpase - def
the junction between a nerve cell and another cell is called a synpase.
A synpase has 3 parts, which are…..
Synaptic know, snyaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane.
Neurotransmitters - def
chemicals secreted by the axon - it causes an impulse.
Excitatory NT -
transmitter that increases the response by initiating action potential in the membrane, like Ach and Dopamine, and Epinephrine.
Inhibitory NT -
transmitter that decreases the response in the adjacent cell - serotonin and endorphines.
The reflex arc is the ____ unit.
Functional.
5 basic components of a reflex arc -
receptor, sensory neuron, center (integration center), motor neuron, effector.
