Pharmacology - Nervous System Review

Question 1

Neuropharmacology - def

Answer 1

the study of drugs that alter processes controlled by the nervous system.

Question 2

What are the two categories of neuropharmacological agents?

Answer 2

Peripheral Nervous System Drugs and Central Nervous System Drugs.

Question 3

Neuropharmacologic drugs can…..(3)

Answer 3

1. Mimic normal actions of body chemicals/neurtransmitters - agonist.
2. Block normal actions of body chemicals/neurotransmitters - antagonist.
3. Modify actions of all body systems - skeletal, cardiac muscle and output of blood, vascular tone, respiration, gastric function, uterine motility, glandular secretion, CNS function, etc.

Question 4

What are the 3 major steps in neuron action?

Answer 4

1. Conduction of action potential.
2. Release of neurotransmitter from axon.
3. Binding of transmitter molecules to receptors on post synaptic cell.

Question 5

Neuron Function -

Answer 5

neuron, synpase, response organ.

Question 6

reflex arc -

Answer 6

sensory neuron, synpase, CNS, synpase, motor neuron.

Question 7

Response through brain -

Answer 7

sensory neuron, synpase, CNS spinal ganglia, brain, spinal ganlia, motor neuron.

Question 8

The nervous system is the major __ (3.)

Answer 8

Controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body.

Question 9

The Nervous System is the center of all ___ activites, like…

Answer 9

Mental - thought, learning, and memory.

Question 10

Together with the endocrine system, the NS is responsible for…..

Answer 10

regulating and maintaing homeostasis.

Question 11

NS Organs -

Answer 11

brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, etc.

Question 12

Tissues of the NS -

Answer 12

blood, connective tissues.

Question 13

Integument -

Answer 13

influence secretions of glands in the skin and blood blow to skin.

Question 14

Skeletal -

Answer 14

innervates bones and provides sensory information about joint movement and position.

Question 15

Muscular -

Answer 15

coordinates skeletal muscle contractions; adjusts cardiac and respiratory muscles.

Question 16

Endocrine -

Answer 16

regulates secretory activites of anterior pituitary and adrenal medulla.

Question 17

Cardiovascular -

Answer 17

monitors and adjusts heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flows.

Question 18

Immune/lymphatic -

Answer 18

innervates lymphoid organs and helps regulate the immune response.

Question 19

Respiratory -

Answer 19

stimulates muscle contractions to create pressure for ventilation; regulates rate and epth of breathing.

Question 20

Digestive -

Answer 20

control motility and glandular activity of the digestive tract.

Question 21

Urinary -

Answer 21

control renal blood pressure and renal blood flow; regulates bladder emptying.

Question 22

Reproductive -

Answer 22

regulates sex drive, arousal, and orgasm; stimulates the release of hormones, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and parturition.

Question 23

Three general activites of the nervous system -

Answer 23

Sensory Functions, Integrative Functions, Motor Functions.

Question 24

Sensory functions - def

Answer 24

sensory inputs, stimuli (out/inner)

Question 25

Integrative functions - def

Answer 25

conversion of sensory inputs into electrical signals (nerve impulses) that are transmitted to the brain, to create sensation and such.

Question 26

Motor functions - def

Answer 26

signals in response to sensory input and integration.

Question 27

Muscles and glands are called.....

Answer 27

effectors! because they effect!

Question 28

The CNS is...

Answer 28

the brain and the spinal cord!

Question 29

The PNS includes...

Answer 29

nerves - the cranial nerves (12 pairs) and the spinal nerves (31 pairs) and the ganglia.

Question 30

The brain is composed of 3 parts -

Answer 30

the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata.

Question 31

The cerebrum - def

Answer 31

seat of conscioussness. Coordinates sensory data and motor functions.

Question 32

The cerebellum - def

Answer 32

part of unconscious brain. Functions for muscle coordination and maintains normal muscle tone and posture; coordinates balance.

Question 33

the medulla oblongata - def

Answer 33

regulates heartbeat, breathing, vasoconstriction and reflex centers - vomitting, hiccuping, etc.

Question 34

The PNS contains only....

Answer 34

nerves and connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

Question 35

Afferent - transmits impulses...

Answer 35

transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS.

Question 36

Efferent - transmits impulses...

Answer 36

transmits impulses from the CNs out to the Peripheral organs to cause an effect or action.

Question 37

Efferent has two divisions, which are...

Answer 37

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

Question 38

Somatic Nervous System -

Answer 38

supplies motor impulses to skeletal muscles. Aka voluntary nervous system.

Question 39

Autonomic nervous sytem -

Answer 39

Supplies motor impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelium. Involuntary system. Breaks down into Sympathetic/Parapsympathetic.

Question 40

Sympathetic NS -

Answer 40

increases enregy expenditure - fight or flight.

Question 41

Parasympathetic -

Answer 41

brings things down to earth.

Question 42

There are only __ types of cells in the nervous system, which are....

Answer 42

2 ---> Neuron (structural unit), and neuroglia, which are the support for the neuron.

Question 43

Neurons carry out the functions of the nervous system by...

Answer 43

conducting nerve impulses.

Question 44

Sensory neurons pick up information from..

Answer 44

the environment.

Question 45

Motor neurons carry information to...

Answer 45

muscles or glands.

Question 46

Interneurons carry information ...

Answer 46

between two neurons.

Question 47

Each neuron has 3 basic parts, which are...

Answer 47

Cell body (contains nucleus, mitochondria, etc.), dendrites (receive information), and axon (conducts messaging.)

Question 48

Neuroglia does/does not conduct nerve impulses?

Answer 48

DOES NOT.

Question 49

Excitablity - def

Answer 49

the ability to respond to a stimulus.

Question 50

Conductivity - def

Answer 50

the ability to transmit and impulse from one point to another.

Question 51

Resting potential - def

Answer 51

changes on two sides of the resting membrane.

Question 52

Action potential - def

Answer 52

rapid sequence of events in response to a stimulus, including depolarization, reverse polarization, and repolarization.

Question 53

Steps in an action potential - 4

Answer 53

1. At rest, the outside of the membrane is more positive than the inside. 2. Na+ moves inside the cell causing an action potential, the influx of positive sodium ions make the inside of the membrane more positive than the outside. 3. K ions flow out of the cell, restoring the resting potential net chages. 4. Na+ ions are pumped out of the cell and K ions are pumped into the cell, restoring the original distribution of ions.

Question 54

Once the impulse reaches the end of an axon, it must/must not cross the synpase to a muscle, gland, or another neuron.

Answer 54

IT MUST.

Question 55

The synpase - def

Answer 55

the junction between a nerve cell and another cell is called a synpase.

Question 56

A synpase has 3 parts, which are.....

Answer 56

Synaptic know, snyaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane.

Question 57

Neurotransmitters - def

Answer 57

chemicals secreted by the axon - it causes an impulse.

Question 58

Excitatory NT -

Answer 58

transmitter that increases the response by initiating action potential in the membrane, like Ach and Dopamine, and Epinephrine.

Question 59

Inhibitory NT -

Answer 59

transmitter that decreases the response in the adjacent cell - serotonin and endorphines.

Question 60

The reflex arc is the ____ unit.

Answer 60

Functional.

Question 61

5 basic components of a reflex arc -

Answer 61

receptor, sensory neuron, center (integration center), motor neuron, effector.