Pharmacology - Chapter 41 - Agents Affecting the Volume and Ion Content of Body Fluids

Question 1

Volume Maintenance of fluid volume and osmolality of extracellular fluid is the job of the….

Answer 1

kidneys!

Question 2

Osmolality - def

Answer 2

the concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Question 3

Osmolarity - def

Answer 3

the concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solutes per liter of solution.

Question 4

Volume Contraction - decrease in total body water. T/F?

Answer 4

True!

Question 5

Isotonic contraction - def

Answer 5

volume contraction in which sodium and water are lost in isotonic proportions (there is a decrease in total volume of ECF but no change in osmolality).

Question 6

Isotonic Contraction - how do we treat this?

Answer 6

Replace with Isotonic Fluids - .90% NaCl in water.

Question 7

Hypertonic Contraction - def

Answer 7

Too much water. Loss of water exceeds loss of sodium (loss of fluid with increase in osmolality & water drawn out of cells.)

Question 8

How do we treat a hypertonic contraction?

Answer 8

replace with hypotonic solution (.11 % NaCl.)

Question 9

Hypotonic Contraction - def

Answer 9

loss of sodium exceeds loss of water (both volume and osmolality of ECF reduced due to Na loss.)

Question 10

How do we treat a Hypotonic contraction?

Answer 10

Replace with 3.00% solution of Nacl!

Question 11

Why do we use saline in the hospital?

Answer 11

It’s relatively the same as blood! If not, the cells could shrink…or explode!

Question 12

Volume Expansion - an ___ in total body water.

Answer 12

Increase.

Question 13

What are three types of Volume Expansion?

Answer 13

Isotonic Expansion, Hypertonic Expansion, and Hypotonic Expansion.

Question 14

What causes volume expansion?

Answer 14

May result from an overdose with therapeutic fluids or with disease states.

Question 15

How do we treat Volume Expansion?

Answer 15

Diuretics.

Question 16

Acid Base Disturbances - (4)

Answer 16

Respiratory Acidosis, Respiratory Alkalosis, Metabolic Acidosis, Metabolic Alkalosis.

Question 17

Respiratory Acidosis - def (and how to treat!)

Answer 17

retention of CO2 by impaired ventilation - we have to correct impairment or inject sodium bicarbonate.

Question 18

Respiratory Alkalosis - def (and how to treat!)

Answer 18

Hyperventilation increases pH (alkaline). We have to rebreathe our own air if possible. This can be part of panic disorder!

Question 19

Metabolic Acidosis - def (causes, treatment)

Answer 19

chronic renal failure, loss of bicarbonate during severe diarrhea and over production of lactic acid, also poisoning by methanol and aspirin. We treat this by correcting the underlying cause.

Question 20

Metabolic Acidosis - def (causes, treatment)

Answer 20

Increase in both pH and bicarbonate content of plasma due to excessive loss of gastric acid by vomiting. It is corrected by infusion of solution containing both chloride + potassium chloride which promotes renal excretion of bicarbonate.

Question 21

Hypokalemia - loss of…

Answer 21

K+

Question 22

Hyperkalemia - gain of…

Answer 22

K+

Question 23

Hypokalemia - def

Answer 23

deficiency of potassium in blood caused by treatment with thiazides (loop diuretics) -

Question 24

Hypokalemia - adverse effects and treatment

Answer 24

AE on skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and heart.

Treatment - administering potassium chloride.

Question 25

Hyperkalemia - def (due to….and what does it cause?)

Answer 25

excessive elevation of serum potassium, due to tissue trauma, untreated Addison’s disease.
Also causes disruption of electrical impulses of heart!