Pharmacology - Chapter 41 - Agents Affecting the Volume and Ion Content of Body Fluids Flashcards
Volume Maintenance of fluid volume and osmolality of extracellular fluid is the job of the….
kidneys!
Osmolality - def
the concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Osmolarity - def
the concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solutes per liter of solution.
Volume Contraction - decrease in total body water. T/F?
True!
Isotonic contraction - def
volume contraction in which sodium and water are lost in isotonic proportions (there is a decrease in total volume of ECF but no change in osmolality).
Isotonic Contraction - how do we treat this?
Replace with Isotonic Fluids - .90% NaCl in water.
Hypertonic Contraction - def
Too much water. Loss of water exceeds loss of sodium (loss of fluid with increase in osmolality & water drawn out of cells.)
How do we treat a hypertonic contraction?
replace with hypotonic solution (.11 % NaCl.)
Hypotonic Contraction - def
loss of sodium exceeds loss of water (both volume and osmolality of ECF reduced due to Na loss.)
How do we treat a Hypotonic contraction?
Replace with 3.00% solution of Nacl!
Why do we use saline in the hospital?
It’s relatively the same as blood! If not, the cells could shrink…or explode!
Volume Expansion - an ___ in total body water.
Increase.
What are three types of Volume Expansion?
Isotonic Expansion, Hypertonic Expansion, and Hypotonic Expansion.
What causes volume expansion?
May result from an overdose with therapeutic fluids or with disease states.
How do we treat Volume Expansion?
Diuretics.
Acid Base Disturbances - (4)
Respiratory Acidosis, Respiratory Alkalosis, Metabolic Acidosis, Metabolic Alkalosis.
Respiratory Acidosis - def (and how to treat!)
retention of CO2 by impaired ventilation - we have to correct impairment or inject sodium bicarbonate.
Respiratory Alkalosis - def (and how to treat!)
Hyperventilation increases pH (alkaline). We have to rebreathe our own air if possible. This can be part of panic disorder!
Metabolic Acidosis - def (causes, treatment)
chronic renal failure, loss of bicarbonate during severe diarrhea and over production of lactic acid, also poisoning by methanol and aspirin. We treat this by correcting the underlying cause.
Metabolic Acidosis - def (causes, treatment)
Increase in both pH and bicarbonate content of plasma due to excessive loss of gastric acid by vomiting. It is corrected by infusion of solution containing both chloride + potassium chloride which promotes renal excretion of bicarbonate.
Hypokalemia - loss of…
K+
Hyperkalemia - gain of…
K+
Hypokalemia - def
deficiency of potassium in blood caused by treatment with thiazides (loop diuretics) -
Hypokalemia - adverse effects and treatment
AE on skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and heart.
Treatment - administering potassium chloride.
Hyperkalemia - def (due to….and what does it cause?)
excessive elevation of serum potassium, due to tissue trauma, untreated Addison’s disease.
Also causes disruption of electrical impulses of heart!
