Pharmacology Chapter 8 - Individual Variation in Drug Responses Flashcards

1
Q

Factors that influence drug responses are…(4)

A

Body weight and composition, age, gender, and pathophysiology.

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2
Q

Body weight and composition - more info

A

drug achieves a higher concentration in smaller people given the same dosage.

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3
Q

Age - more info

A

infants are very sensitive to drugs, and elderly are very sensitive to drugs due to organ degeneration.

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4
Q

Gender - more info

A

response is different to same drug and dosage between men and women.

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5
Q

Pathophysiology - drug

A

how disease affects responses to drugs.

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6
Q

Four pathological conditions -

A

Kidney, Liver, Acid-Base Imbalance, Electrolyte Imbalance.

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7
Q

Kidney (PC) -

A

reduce drug excretion

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8
Q

Liver (PC) -

A

site of drug detoxification and metabolism

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9
Q

Acid-Base imbalance (PC) -

A

alters absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion. Drug will accumulate on the side of the membrane where pH favors ionization of drug. Acid/Acid - Base/Base

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10
Q

Altered Electrolyte Imbalance - PC

A

Electrolytes (K, Na, Ca, MG) are important in cell physiology and function.

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11
Q

Drug tolerance - def

A

decreased responsiveness to a drug due to repeated drug administration.

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12
Q

Drug tolerant patients require ___ doses to produce the same effects that could be achieved with lower doses.

A

Higher.

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13
Q

Three Categories of Drug Tolerance -

A

Pharmacodynamic, Metabolic, and Tachyphylaxis (less response after repeated applications.)

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14
Q

Pharmacodynamic Tolerance -

A

associated with long-term administration of drugs (such as heroine). patient requires increased doses to produce effects.

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15
Q

Metabolic Tolerance -

A

tolerance due to accelerated drug metabolism. Induced by synthesis of increased levels of liver enzymes (Barbituates). Increase in dosage of drug to maintain level of drug in blood that is equal to previous non tolerant levels.

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16
Q

Tachyphylaxis - def and why?

A

form of tolerance defined as a reduction in drug responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a short time. Rare. From depletion of co-factor, like from a patch that was left on constantly, instead of intermittently.

17
Q

Placebo effect -

A

preparation that has no therapeutic effect.

18
Q

Genetics - idiosyncratic effects

A

Mostly through rate of metabolism of drug (or due to differences in enzyme levels in organs.)

19
Q

Idiosyncratic effect - def -

A

uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition.

20
Q

Bio availability - def

A

ability of a drug to reach the systemic circulation from its site of administration.

21
Q

Patient Compliance - def

A

cooperative and accurate participation in one’s drug therapy.