Study Guide Leftovers 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the environmental risk factors that were mentioned with respect to influencing cancer risk?

A
  • smoke
  • chemicals
  • asbestos
  • ionizing radiation
  • Agent Orange
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2
Q

What are 3 common imaging techniques used to screen for breast cancer?

A
  • mammograms
  • breast ultrasound
  • breast MRI
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3
Q

prostate exam

A
  • DRE

- palpate prostate

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4
Q

thyroid exam

A

palpation

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5
Q

Which lymph nodes sites are most commonly palpated?

A
  • cervical
  • axillary
  • inguinal
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6
Q

What types of cancer does a CBC primarily detect?

A
  • bloodborne (leukemia or multiple myeloma)
  • lymphomas

***also detects if body is fighting cancer

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7
Q

What number on the Gleason scale is problematic?

A

above 2.5

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8
Q

Dysplastic cells with urine cytologicy is often an indication of this

A

rhabdo

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9
Q

metaplasia: how do basal cells (epithelial stem cells) behave?

A
  • switch to making another cell type in response to stress

- reversible, but dysplasia can easily follow

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10
Q

Metastasis via bloodstream

A

hematogenous or vascular

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11
Q

How might a biopsy of a basic tumor cause benign mechanical transport?

A
  • lymphatic transport of epithelial cells displaced by biopsy
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12
Q

Steps of metastasis

A
  1. spread of tumor within tissue of origin through local invasion
  2. spread to micro-vasculature by intravasation
  3. circulation through vasculature before being trapped in microvasculature of other organs
  4. tumor cells extravasate into other organs to form a secondary tumor
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13
Q

What is self-sufficiency of growth?

A
  • ability to self-produce GFs

- no longer require external factors

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14
Q

Cell division is normally inhibited at this point in the cell cycle by _____

A
  • G1 checkpoint

- P53

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15
Q

How do cancer cells avoid apoptosis?

A

through suppression of apoptotic factors

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16
Q

How does sustained angiogenesis occur with cancer cells?

A

through GF release